Novel seed treatment methods and compositions for improving plant traits and yield

ABSTRACT

Described herein are methods and compositions for improving plant growth and other properties. The methods and compositions utilize bacteria and bacterial exudates incorporated into plant seeds for improvement of plant growth and other properties.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/503,196, filed Oct. 15, 2021, which is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2020/028569, filed Apr. 16, 2020, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/835,281, filed Apr. 17, 2019, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The instant application contains a Sequence Listing which has been submitting electronically in ASCII format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said ASCII copy, created Nov. 5, 2021, is named “Andes_Ag_54449-701_302_SL Final.txt” and is 21,378,345 bytes in size.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a seed treatment method consisting of introducing a plant-beneficial microorganism or a synthetic combination of two or more microorganisms and/or its exudates and/or its individualized biomolecules inside the seeds. The method involves a controlled and fast imbibition of seeds in an aqueous solution of a chemically inert but osmotically active compound supplemented with a specific amount of the beneficial microorganisms or a synthetic combination of two or more microorganisms and/or its exudates and/or its individualized biomolecules. The hydration of seeds and the incorporation of plant-beneficial microorganisms at early post-dormant stage of the plant embryo can promote rapid and uniform germination, improve seed vigor, enhance plant growth and improve plant traits even several months after the seed treatment.

BACKGROUND

By 2050, the world population is expected to reach 9.8 billion (https://www.un.org/development/desa/en/news/population/world-population-prospects-2017.html) while more than 500 million hectares of extended wild lands will change to cropland (IRP, 2017). Under current conditions, agricultural production has to face severe challenges due to climate change with extreme weather events and emerging pathogens, while farmers globally have cope with decreasing yields and low operating margins mainly due to the latter (GAP 2017; Sessitsch et al., 2018). When considering both, the expected worldwide population increase and the environmental damage, it is clear that in the next decade it will be a significant challenge to greatly increase agriculture and food production in a sustainable and environmentally friendly manner.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

An aspect of the invention described herein is a method of incorporating bacteria into a plant seed, the method comprising: contacting said plant seed with a solution containing said bacteria, wherein said solution comprises about 0.1% to about 2% of a salt (w/v); and incubating said plant seed with said solution thereby incorporating at least 1 colony forming unit (CFU) of said bacteria into said plant seed. In some embodiments, (b) comprises incubating said plant seed with said solution thereby incorporating at least 500 CFU of said bacteria into said plant seed. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprises endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof. In some embodiments, said solution comprises a microbial exudate. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is derived from said bacteria. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is not derived from said bacteria. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terri bacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, said bacteria are incorporated between the seed coat and the embryo of said plant seed. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, prior to (a), disinfecting said plant seed. In some embodiments, said solution comprises about 0.85% said salt. In some embodiments, said salt comprises NaCl. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises a maize seed, wheat seed, rice seed, sorghum seed, barley seed, rye seed, sugar cane seed, millet seed, oat seed, soybean seed, cotton seed, alfalfa seed, bean seed, quinoa seed, lentil seed, peanut seed, lettuce seed, tomato seed, pea seed, or a cabbage seed. In some embodiments, said solution further comprises Luria-Bertani (LB) broth. In some embodiments, said solution further comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said solution further comprises calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, iron, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said solution is maintained at a temperature between about 4° C. to about 40° C.; about 20° C. to about 40° C.; or about 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, said solution is maintained at about 23° C. or about 30° C. In some embodiments, said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute to about 960 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 240 minutes, or about 1 minute to about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the method further comprises inducing endosporulation of said endospore forming bacteria.

Another aspect of the disclosure described herein is a modified plant seed comprising at least 1 CFU of bacteria incorporated between the seed coat and the embryo of said modified plant seed. In some embodiments, said modified plant seed comprises at least 500 CFU or at least 1000 CFU of said bacteria. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprises endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof. In some embodiments, said modified plant seed comprises a microbial exudate. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is derived from said bacteria. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is not derived from said bacteria. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, said modified seed is a maize seed, wheat seed, rice seed, sorghum seed, barley seed, rye seed, sugar cane seed, millet seed, oat seed, soybean seed, cotton seed, alfalfa seed, bean seed, quinoa seed, lentil seed, peanut seed, lettuce seed, tomato seed, pea seed, or cabbage seed. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises at least 1000 CFU of said microbe.

Another aspect of the disclosure described herein comprises a formulation containing at least 1×10³ CFU/mL of one or more bacteria wherein said formulation comprises about 0.1% to about 2% a salt. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises 0.85% said salt. In some embodiments, said salt comprises NaCl. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof. In some embodiments, said formulation comprises a microbial exudate. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is derived from said bacteria. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is not derived from said bacteria. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, or Actinobacteria. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, said formulation further comprises LB broth. In some embodiments, said formulation further comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said formulation further comprises calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, iron, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said formulation is maintained at a temperature between about 4° C. to about 40° C.; about 20° C. to about 40° C.; or about 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, said formulation is maintained at about 23° C. or about 30° C. In some embodiments, said formulation contains at least 5×10⁵ CFU/mL of said bacteria.

Another aspect of the disclosure described herein is a method of promoting a plant growth effect in a plant seed, the method comprising: contacting said plant seed with a solution containing bacteria, wherein said solution comprises about 0.1% to about 2% of a salt (w/v); and incubating said plant seed with said solution thereby incorporating at least 500 colony forming units (CFU) of said bacteria into said plant seed. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, prior to (a), disinfecting said plant seed. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprises endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof. In some embodiments, said solution comprises a microbial exudate. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is derived from said bacteria. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is not derived from said bacteria. In some embodiments, said bacteria are incorporated between the seed coat and the embryo of said modified plant seed. In some embodiments, said solution comprises about 0.85% said salt. In some embodiments, said salt comprises NaCl. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria comprise bacteria from Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises a maize seed, wheat seed, rice seed, sorghum seed, barley seed, rye seed, sugar cane seed, millet seed, oat seed, soybean seed, cotton seed, alfalfa seed, bean seed, quinoa seed, lentil seed, peanut seed, lettuce seed, tomato seed, pea seed, or a cabbage seed. In some embodiments, said solution further comprises LB broth. In some embodiments, said solution further comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said solution further comprises calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, iron, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said solution is maintained at a temperature between about 4° C. to about 40° C.; about 20° C. to about 40° C.; or about 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, said solution is maintained at about 23° C. or about 30° C. In some embodiments, said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute to about 960 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 240 minutes, or about 1 minute to about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the method further comprises inducing endosporulation of said endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, said plant growth effect comprises yield increase, cell osmoregulation, ionic homeostasis, antioxidant defense, heat stress tolerance, maintenance of photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen fixation, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said bacteria are selected relative to said plant growth effect.

Another aspect of the disclosure described herein is a method of promoting a plant growth effect in a plant seed, the method comprising: contacting said plant seed with a solution containing microbial exudate, wherein said solution comprises about 0.1% to about 2% of a salt (w/v); and incubating said plant seed with said solution thereby incorporating said microbial exudate into said plant seed. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, prior to (a), disinfecting said plant seed. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is derived from endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is derived from non-endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is incorporated between the seed coat and the embryo of said modified plant seed. In some embodiments, said solution comprises about 0.85% said salt. In some embodiments, said salt comprises NaCl. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is derived from bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is derived from bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is derived from bacteria from Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, said plant seed comprises a maize seed, wheat seed, rice seed, sorghum seed, barley seed, rye seed, sugar cane seed, millet seed, oat seed, soybean seed, cotton seed, alfalfa seed, bean seed, quinoa seed, lentil seed, peanut seed, lettuce seed, tomato seed, pea seed, or a cabbage seed. In some embodiments, said solution further comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said solution is maintained at a temperature between about 4° C. to about 40° C.; about 20° C. to about 40° C.; or about 10° C. to about 20° C. In some embodiments, said solution is maintained at about 23° C. or about 30° C. In some embodiments, said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute to about 960 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 240 minutes, or about 1 minute to about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, said plant growth effect comprises yield increase, cell osmoregulation, ionic homeostasis, antioxidant defense, heat stress tolerance, maintenance of photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen fixation, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, said microbial exudate is selected relative to said plant growth effect.

In one aspect, described herein, is an engineered seed comprising (i) a seed pericarp and a seed aleurone cell layer having an interspace therebetween; and (ii) one or more microbes disposed in the interspace. In another aspect, described herein, is an engineered seed comprising: (i) a seed pericarp and a seed aleurone cell layer; and (ii) one or more microbes disposed between the seed pericarp and seed aleurone cell layer. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect. In certain embodiments, the seed is a monocot seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is selected from a maize, rice, and sorghum seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a maize seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a Zea maize seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a dicot seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is selected from a soybean, wheat, cotton, alfalfa, lettuce, tomato, and cabbage seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a lettuce seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a Lactuca sativa seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a tomato seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a Solanum lycopersicum seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a GMO seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a non-GMO seed. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a mixture of Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a mixture of Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a mixture of Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus nakamurai. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a mixture of Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus subtilis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises a mixture of Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus cucumis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise Microbacterium yannicii. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise Microbacterium chocolatum. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise Serratioa ureilytica. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise Serratioa marcescens. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise Glutamicibacter arilaitensis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise Glutamicibacter halophytocola. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise Ensifer adhaerens. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Pantoea allii. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Bacillus subtilis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Bacillus cucumis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise endospore forming microbes. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a Baccillus sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Firmicutes. In certain embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Proteobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Actinomyces sp. In certain embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Actinobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Coxiella sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes form endospores after being disposed in the seed. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a Bacillus sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise endospores. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise genes coding for one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise genes coding for one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise genes coding for one or more compounds that trigger plant development. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise genes associated with nitrogen fixing. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise genes associated with phosphate solubilization. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise genes associated with phytohormone synthesis. In certain embodiments, the engineered seed further comprises a microbial exudate. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger plant development. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from an endospore forming bacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a non-endospore forming bacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221.

In certain aspects, described herein, is a method of treating one or more plant seeds, the method comprising: immersing the one or more seeds into a medium, the medium comprising a solt and one or more microbes selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect; and incubating the one or more seeds in the medium for a period of time sufficient to incorporate the one or more microbes into the seed. In another aspect, described herein, is a method of treating one or more plant seeds, the method comprising: immersing the one or more seeds into a medium, the medium comprising a salt and one or more microbes selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect; and incubating the one or more seeds in the medium to incorporate the bacteria between a pericarp and an aleurone cell layer. In certain embodiments, the one or more plant seeds remains in the dormant stage after treatment. In certain embodiments, the one or more plant seeds remains in the dormant stage after treatment. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are incorporated inside a seed pericarp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are incorporated between a pericarp and aleurone cell layer. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the step of removing the one or more seeds from the medium. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the step of drying the one or more seeds. In certain embodiments, the one or more seeds is/are dried to about 10% of total seed moisture. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the step of drying the one or more seeds to prevent germination. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises sterilizing the surface of the one or more seeds prior to immersing the one or more seeds in the medium. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises sterilizing the surface of the one or more seeds after immersing the one or more seeds in the medium. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises adding a fungicide to the surface of the seed. In certain embodiments, the one or more seeds comprise a monocot seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is selected from a maize, a rice, and a sorghum seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a maize seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a Zea maize seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a dicot seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is selected from a soybean, wheat, cotton, alfalfa, lettuce, tomato, and cabbage seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a lettuce seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a Lactuca sativa seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a tomato seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a Solanum lycopersicum seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a GMO seed. In certain embodiments, the seed is a non-GMO seed. In certain embodiments, the medium is an aqueous medium. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises Poloxamer 188. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises Poloxamer 188 at a concentration of 0.1%. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises Tween 20. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises one or more agent selected from the group of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaureate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, and Poloxamer 407. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises one or more ingredients that promote endosporulation of the one or more bacteria. In certain embodiments, the medium comprises potassium, ferrous sulfate, calcium, magnesium, manganese, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises manganese. In certain embodiments, the medium comprises calcium, magnesium, and manganese. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises nutrients for the one or more microbes. In certain embodiments, the medium is at room temperature. In certain embodiments, the medium is at a temperature of about 4° C. In certain embodiments, the medium is at a temperature of about 10° C. In certain embodiments, the medium is at a temperature of about 15° C. In certain embodiments, the medium is at a temperature is between about 4 and about 20° C. In certain embodiments, the medium is at a temperature is between about 30 and about 40° C. In certain embodiments, the medium is at a temperature of about 20° C. In certain embodiments, the medium is at a temperature of about 30° C. In certain embodiments, wherein the medium temperature is between about 20 and 24° C. In certain embodiments, wherein the medium is at a temperature of about 40° C. In certain embodiments, the salt comprises sodium chloride. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of 0.1-0.2%, 0.2-0.3%, 0.3-0.4%, 0.4-0.5%, 0.5-0.6%, 0.6-0.7%, 0.7-0.8%, 0.8-0.9%, 0.9-1.0%, 1.0-1.1%, 1.1-1.2%, 1.2-1.3%, 1.3-1.4%, or 1.4-1.5%. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of about 0.85%. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25% or less. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25%. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is/are selected from Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus nakamurai. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus subtilis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus Cucumis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Microbacterium yannicii. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Microbacterium chocolatum. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Serratioa ureilytica. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Serratia marcescens. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Glutamicibacter arilaitensis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Glutamicibacter halophytocola. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Pantoea In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Bacillus subtilis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Bacillus cucumis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise endospore forming microbes. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a Baccillus sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Firmicutes. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammomphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., and Vulcanobacillus sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Proteobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Actinomyces sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Actinobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Coxiella sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes form endospores after being incorporated into the seed. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise endospores. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise Bacillus endospores. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises a microbial exudate. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger plant development. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from an endospore forming bacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a non-endospore forming bacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the one or more microbes in the medium is in the range of about 1×10⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the one or more microbes in the medium is: 1×10⁶ to 1×10⁷ CFU/mL; 1×10⁷ to 1×10⁸ CFU/mL; 1×10⁸ to 1×10⁹ CFU/mL; 1×10⁹ to 1×10¹⁰ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹ CFU/mL; 1×10¹¹ to 1×10¹² CFU/mL; 1×10¹² to 1×10¹³ CFU/mL; 1×10¹³ to 1×10¹⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10¹⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10¹⁶ CFU/mL; or 1×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL. In certain embodiments, wherein the amount of the one or more microbes present in the medium is less than 10¹⁰ CFU/seed. In certain embodiments, the amount of the one or more microbes present in the medium is about 10⁵ to 10⁹ cells per gram of seed. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect. In certain embodiments, the plant growth promoting effect of the one or more microbes is selected from one or more of the group comprising cell osmoregulation, ionic homeostasis, antioxidant defense, heat stress tolerance, and/or maintenance of photosynthetic capacity. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are selected for compatibility. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are selected to ensure no predatory or antagonistic effects will develop. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is/are also selected for stability during storage. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is/are also selected for rapid plant colonization and survival within associated tissues. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is/are also selected for stimulation of global, long-lasting physiological responses in a plant. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected for optimal incorporation into the one or more seeds. In certain embodiments, at least one of the microbes remains present throughout the plant life cycle. In certain embodiments, the incubation time is less than one minute. In certain embodiments, the incubation time is about one minute. In certain embodiments, the incubation time is less than 20 minutes. In certain embodiments, the incubation time is less than 4 hours. In certain embodiments, the incubation time is less than 16 hours. In certain embodiments, the incubation time is less than several days. In certain embodiments, the incubation time is less than 12 hours. In certain embodiments, greater than 1×10⁶ bacterial cells are incorporated into each of the one or more seeds. In certain embodiments, between 1×10⁵ and 1×10⁸ bacterial cells are incorporated into each of the one or more seeds. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are incorporated into the one or more seeds stably. In certain embodiments, the incorporated one or more microbes is/are stable for greater than 30 days. In certain embodiments, the incorporated one or more microbes is/are stable for greater than six months. In certain embodiments, the incorporated one or more microbes is/are stable for at least one year. In certain embodiments, the incorporated one or more microbes is/are stable for at least two years.

In another aspect, described herein, is a plant seed treatment medium comprising salt and one or more microbes. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes are selected to impart a plant growth promoting effect. In certain embodiments, the medium is an aqueous medium. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises Poloxamer 188. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises Poloxamer 188 at a concentration of 0.1%. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises Tween 20. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises one or more agent from the group comprising dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaureate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, and Poloxamer 407. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises one or more ingredients that promote endosporulation of the one or more bacteria. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises potassium, ferrous sulfate, calcium, magnesium, managanese, or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises manganese. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises calcium, magnesium, and manganese. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises nutrients for the selected one or more microbes. In certain embodiments, the salt comprises sodium chloride. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of 0.1-0.2%, 0.2-0.3%, 0.3-0.4%, 0.4-0.5%, 0.5-0.6%, 0.6-0.7%, 0.7-0.8%, 0.8-0.9%, 0.9-1.0%, 1.0-1.1%, 1.1-1.2%, 1.2-1.3%, 1.3-1.4%, or 1.4-1.5%. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of about 0.85%. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25% or less. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25%. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is/are selected from Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In certain embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus nakamurai. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus subtilis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus cucumis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Microbacterium yannicii. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Microbacterium chocolatum. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Serratioa ureilytica. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Serratioa marcescens. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Glutamicibacter arilaitensis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Glutamicibacter halophytocola. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Pantoea In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Bacillus subtilis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Bacillus Cucumis. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise endospore forming microbes. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises a Baccillus sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Firmicutes. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammomphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculurn sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., and Vulcanobacillus sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Proteobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Actinomyces sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Actinobacteria. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprises Coxiella sp. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes form endospores after being incorporated into the seed. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise endospores. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise Bacillus endospores. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the medium further comprises a microbial exudate. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger plant development. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from an endospore forming bacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a non-endospore forming bacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the one or more microbes in the medium is in the range of about 1×10⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL. In certain embodiments, the one or more microbes in the medium is in the range of about 1×10⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the one or more microbes in the medium is: 1×10⁶ to 1×10⁷ CFU/mL; 1×10⁷ to 1×10⁸ CFU/mL; 1×10⁸ to 1×10⁹ CFU/mL; 1×10⁹ to 1×10¹⁰ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹ CFU/mL; 1×10¹¹ to 1×10¹² CFU/mL; 1×10¹² to 1×10¹³ CFU/mL; 1×10¹³ to 1×10¹⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10¹⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10¹⁶ CFU/mL; or 1×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL.

In another aspect, described herein, is a method of treating one or more plant seeds, the method comprising: immersing the one or more seeds into a medium, the medium comprising a salt and one or more microbial exudates selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect; and incubating the one or more seeds in the medium for a period of time sufficient to incorporate the one or more microbial exudates into the seed. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger plant development. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from an endospore forming bacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a non-endospore forming bacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. In certain embodiments, the salt comprises sodium chloride. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of 0.1-0.2%, 0.2-0.3%, 0.3-0.4%, 0.4-0.5%, 0.5-0.6%, 0.6-0.7%, 0.7-0.8%, 0.8-0.9%, 0.9-1.0%, 1.0-1.1%, 1.1-1.2%, 1.2-1.3%, 1.3-1.4%, or 1.4-1.5%. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of about 0.85%. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25% or less. In certain embodiments, the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25%. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Microbacterium yannicii. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Microbacterium chocolatum. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Serratioa ureilytica. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Serratioa marcescens. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Glutamicibacter arilaitensis. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Glutamicibacter halophytocola. In certain embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from Ensifer adhaerens. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Acetobacter cerevisiae. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Pantoea allii. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Bacillus subtilis. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Bacillus cucumis. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from a microbe selected from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from a microbe selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from a microbe selected from the phylum Proteobacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Actinomyces sp. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from a microbe selected from the phylum Actinobacteria. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from Coxiella sp. In certain embodiments, the microbial exudate is derived from a Bacillus sp.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and/or take precedence over any such contradictory material.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

The novel features of the methods and compositions described herein are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present methods and compositions described herein will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the methods and compositions described herein are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 depicts the two-stage plant enhancement strategy through the implementation of the proposed invention. 101 exemplifies a monocot seed. The seed treatment processes described herein incorporate bacteria (or endospores thereof) 106 between the aleurone layer 103 and the pericarp 102. The aleurone layer 103 separates the endosperm 104 from the outer layers. The promotion of a plant growth effect described herein results from genetic modulation of the plant embryo 105 by the bacteria 106 and/or the bacterial exudates.

FIG. 2 shows a process diagram which depicts the seed treatment process (Microprime™ seed treatment process).

FIG. 3 depicts the present invention methodology for obtaining stable microbial technology seed treatments (Microprime™).

FIG. 4A shows the space inside the corn seed (Zea mays) where the bacteria are located after a Microprime™ seed treatment.

FIG. 4B shows a zoomed in image of the space inside a corn seed (Zea mays) where bacteria are located after a Microprime™ seed treatment.

FIG. 5 shows the loading kinetics by Microprime™ seed treatment of a synthetic bacterial consortium (Lascar) into lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa).

FIG. 6 shows the molecular detection on roots of maize plants (Zea mays) of a specific strain previously loaded into the seed by Microprime™ seed treatment

FIG. 7 shows the double-tube growth chamber used to study and quantify bacteria from Microprime™ seeds.

FIG. 8 shows the quantification of the colonization of plant root by bacteria loaded into the seed by Microprime™ seed treatment.

FIG. 9 shows the temporal stability of a bacterial consortium housed inside lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa).

FIG. 10 shows the temporal stability of an endospore of Bacillus housed inside maize seeds (Zea mays).

FIG. 11 shows the temporal stability of maize seeds (Zea mays) after a Microprime™ seed treatment.

FIG. 12 shows the effect on lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa) of Microprime™ seed treatment using a proprietary composition of bacteria, internally denominated Lascar.

FIG. 13 shows the effect in time of the Microprime™ seed treatment on lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa) using a proprietary composition of bacteria, internally denominated JIT.

FIG. 14 shows the effect of Microprime™ seed treatment on lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa) growing under salinity stress.

FIG. 15 shows the effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growth and development.

FIG. 16A shows the effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment with a single bacterium (S3C1) on maize (Zea mays) growth and development as measured by shoot weight.

FIG. 16B shows the effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment with a single bacterium (S3C1) on maize (Zea mays) growth and development as measured by root weight

FIG. 17A shows the effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment with a synthetic consortium comprising two bacteria (strains S3C10 and S3C23) on maize (Zea mays) growth and development as measured by shoot weight.

FIG. 17B shows the effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment with a synthetic consortium comprising two bacteria (strains S3C10 and S3C23) on maize (Zea mays) growth and development as measured by root weight.

FIG. 17C shows the effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment with a synthetic consortium comprising two bacteria (strains S3C10 and S3C23) on maize (Zea mays) growth and development as measured by shoot length.

FIG. 18 shows the performance of a fixing-nitrogen bacteria (strain S3C14) under an acetylene reduction assay.

FIG. 19 shows the performance of maize plants (Zea mays) from a Microprime™ treated seed with endospores of a fixing-nitrogen bacteria (strain S3C14) under nitrogen deficiency

FIG. 20 shows the expression patterns of a group of maize (Zea mays) genes in response to Microprime™ seed treatment.

FIG. 21 shows the performance of Microprime™ maize plants (Zea mays) under water stress condition.

FIG. 22A shows the effect of the vegetative development of Microprime™ maize plants (Zea mays) under field conditions as measured by shoot weight.

FIG. 22B shows the effect of the vegetative development of Microprime™ maize plants (Zea mays) under field conditions as measured by whole plant weight.

FIG. 23A shows the effect of Microprime™ seed treatment on maize (Zea mays) life cycle under field conditions as a graph showing the percentage of ears in various reproductive stages.

FIG. 23B shows the effect of Microprime™ seed treatment on maize (Zea mays) life cycle under field conditions as shown by images of corncobs

FIG. 24 shows the effect of Microprime™ seed treatment on maize (Zea mays) yield under field conditions.

FIG. 25 shows the grain protein content of Microprime™ maize plants (Zea mays) growing in the field.

FIG. 26 shows the performance of a fixing-nitrogen bacteria (strain S3C23) under an acetylene reduction assay in presence of nitrogen.

FIG. 27 shows the effect of Microprime™ seed treatment on maize (Zea mays) yield under nitrogen deficiency in field.

FIG. 28 shows a win rate exercise that summarized maize (Zea mays) field trial data performed with the Microprime™ seed treatment technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed.

Agriculture is one of the human activities that contributes most to the environmental damage with potential risks to human health. The agriculture activity causes land erosion, nutrient depletion, acidification, salinization, compaction, chemical pollution and causes moderately to highly degradation of soils. In particular, the conventional farming methods depend strongly on the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides in order to improve crop yields. These products are primarily used in the agricultural sector but also in forestry, home gardens and in recreation areas. These chemical pollutants may pose environmental risks during both their production and application. Their overuse results in an imbalance of essential nutrients in soils, potential negative impacts in soil microbiota and soil meiofauna, and may eventually render the land unsuitable for farming

Our society is now demanding more sustainable production systems and several countries' regulatory framework does not accept the use of genetic modification to improve crop traits; further, many chemicals will be removed from markets in the upcoming years (Sessitsch et al., 2018; Timmusk et al., 2017). Such consumer pressure has favored the withdrawal of many synthetic compounds and the lowering of maximum residue limits imposed by the regulatory environment. For instance, regulation towards the restriction and decrease of nitrogen-based fertilizers and pesticides is increasing worldwide due to their proved deleterious effects on both human and environment health (such as greenhouse gases, global warming, water pollution, reduction of biological nitrogen fixation in the soil, losses of soil biodiversity and genetic resources, etc.). In addition, costs of development and registration of synthetic pesticides have been escalating, leading to significant reductions in development and launch of new chemistries (O'Callaghan, 2016).

One potential way to address this problem is through the use of microbial technologies for agriculture, to improve more efficaciously the productivity and yields of important cultivars (Timmusk et al., 2017). The plant-associated microbiota has been extensively explored in the last decades (Sessitsch et al., 2018), showing that colonizing microbial communities play a fundamental role in determining the rate and extent of plant growth, providing, in certain cases, the nutrients and conditions necessary for survival and/or directly stimulating plant development and the response to environmental challenge. Thus, it has been shown that microbial colonization of the phytosphere starts from germination, and continues through-all the plant life cycle, extending to the complete surface of the plant, and concentrating in the rhizosphere (Bais et al., 2006) where high nutrient and water availability from root exudates create a suitable environment for microbial growth (Badri and Vivanco, 2009). It has been also demonstrated that root exudation of diverse aromatic compounds can inhibit the growth of certain microorganisms, while stimulating the proliferation of others, making the rhizosphere a selective environment (Badri et al., 2013; Ledger et al., 2012, Sasse et al., 2018). Moreover, relevant members of the microbiota respond to root exudate composition changes that occur through plant development, expressing catabolic functions that are key to plant growth (Chaparro et al., 2013). Conversely, microbial colonization can modify the flow and pattern of root exudation, suggesting that a continuous communication is established with the host (Bais et al., 2006). A more intimate association develops among plants and microorganisms that colonize their internal tissues without causing harm or signs of infection (Sturz et al., 2000). These endophytic microorganisms have been shown to comprise a large number and diversity of bacteria (Ryan et al., 2008), that can be found in plant roots, stems, leaves, seeds, fruits, tubers, and root nodules (Rosenblueth and Martinez-Romero, 2006). Beneficial or mutualistic bacteria, usually known as plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), frequently colonize the rhizosphere and internal tissues of plants (Lugtenberg and Kamilova, 2009), as well as the surface of leaves and stems, usually known as the phyllosphere, where microbial populations are referred to as epiphytic microorganisms.

The ability of PGPB to increase plant growth has been well established, and it can proceed through different molecular mechanisms; e.g. by improving nutrient supply (nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, etc.), modulation of plant hormonal balance (via production of auxins, cytokinins, nitric oxide (NO), etc., or deamination of ACC), by enhancing plant defense caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, herbivores and nematodes (through induction of systemic resistance pathways and/or production of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, extracellular lytic enzymes, surfactants or volatile organic compounds) and by improving tolerance to abiotic stresses (salinity, drought, high and low temperature, heavy metals, etc.) (Dimkpa et al., 2009; Kloepper et al., 2004; Lugtenberg and Kamilova, 2009; Ledger et al., 2016; Timmermann et al., 2017; Vacheron et al., 2013; Van Loon, 2007; Yang et al., 2009). In this context, the PGPB have gained popularity as microbial inoculants and a number of new products have recently been formulated (PCT/US2016/017204; US2016/0338360A1; US2016/0330976A1; US2017/0223967A1; US2018/0020677A1; Sessitsch et al., 2018).

Improving Agricultural Plant Traits by Effect of Plant-Associated Bacteria

There has been a wide adoption of PGPB inoculation in regular agricultural practice in the last 20 years. However, the lack of scientific knowledge regarding the ecology, physiology and biochemistry of associative plant-bacteria interactions makes this biotechnology still deficient for industrial application. In this sense, efforts to strengthen inoculation technology in non-leguminous crops with PGPB need to incorporate a broader understanding such as the physiological status of the inoculated microorganisms and/or, higher viability under adverse conditions in soil and/or during storage. Similarly, when bacteria are in co-interaction with crop plants, the expression of genes involved in plant growth promotion may be fundamental to obtain the beneficial effect. These genes could be turned on or off, depending on environmental conditions, affecting their expression in the agricultural field, which could explain why some bacteria improve the growth of plants under laboratory-controlled environments, but frequently fail under field conditions or, as shown in other cases, display variable results (Baez-Rogelio et al., 2017).

Despite the importance of plant-PGPB interactions, only a few abilities of these microbes have been clearly and directly associated with plant growth promotion and protection. For instance, the solubilization of inorganic nutrients that are rate-limiting for plant growth, the capability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, the stimulation of nutrient delivery and uptake by plant roots, and the modulation of plant regulatory mechanisms through the production of hormones such as auxin and/or ethylene, gibberellins, cytokinins, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other metabolites, have been associated with plant development.

Usually, agricultural plants are exposed to multiple stresses simultaneously. As stress factors cause detrimental impacts on the functionality/productivity of agricultural systems, the role of rhizosphere microorganisms is crucial in helping plants to thrive in adverse conditions (Barea, 2015). As strategy to survive or reproduce, the stressed plants can induce changes in their plant morphology, physiology, transporter activity and root exudation profiles, to recruit microbes with stress-alleviating capacities. However, the mechanisms involved in plant-microbe interactions under stress situations are poorly understood (Barea, 2015). This understanding is relevant to design biotechnological strategies to optimize plant adaptation mechanisms and to improve the ability of soil microbes for stress alleviation in crops (Pozo et al., 2010).

Diverse types of stress, including salinity, drought, nutrient deficits, high and low temperature, diseases and pests, among others, can alter plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere and severely impact agriculture productivity. For instance, the level of aridity in many land areas of the world has increased progressively due to drought, salinity problems and high temperatures. Among them, drought is one of the most threatening abiotic stresses to food production worldwide and is expected to cause serious plant growth problems for crops on more than 50% of the Earth's arable lands by 2050 (Ngumbi and Kloepper, 2016). In turn, salinity is other major limitation in agriculture, affecting approximately 20% of the irrigated land worldwide and more than 100 countries. This percentage is increasing due to natural causes, agricultural practices and global climate change. Salt-affected soils can be divided into saline, saline-sodic and sodic, depending on salt amounts, type of salts, amount of sodium present and soil alkalinity. Each type of salt-affected soil has different characteristics, which will also determine the way they can be managed. In 1995, it was estimated that salinization of irrigated lands caused losses of annual income of about US$12 billion globally. Furthermore, decreased availability of water, mainly produced by changing climatic conditions, misuse and overuse of available freshwater sources, and the use of saline water sources (both of marine origin or in-land high conductivity sources, and mainly provoked by the freshwater availability restrictions), makes abiotic saline stress, a current, highly relevant problem for agronomic procedures.

To cope with osmotic stressors (salinity and drought) plants must develop a number of adaptation mechanisms including mainly a fine regulation of their water uptake capacity and transpiration rates, and the activation of the antioxidant machinery to overcome the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by the stress. Maintaining water and ROS balance may be ameliorated by inoculation with PGPB, which can act through diverse specific mechanisms: i)—cell osmoregulation (related to the accumulation of the compatible solutes such as proline, glycine, betaine, soluble sugars, pinitol and mannitol); ionic homeostasis (based on maintaining a fine balance of potassium, sodium, calcium and their ratios); antioxidant defense (to compensate the production of harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS); and iv)—maintenance of photosynthetic capacity. The modification of root system architecture is other important adaptive traits that plants possess to endure drought. A good correlation between PGPB inoculation and drought resistance has been reported in several crops, including soybean, chickpea, and wheat (Ngumbi and Kloepper, 2016). Therefore, there is a renewed interest in finding solutions to water-related problems. In particular, there is a need to find solutions that increase plant tolerance to drought and salinity stress and contribute to enhance growth of crops that satisfy food demands under limited water resource availability. Improvement of plant salt-stress tolerance using PGPB has emerged as a promising strategy to help overcome this limitation but only a few reports have focused on plant-PGPB interactions under salt stress (Ledger et al., 2016; Pinedo et al., 2015). Consequently, microbiologically inoculated plants allow a better regulation of plant water status and to have higher transpiration and photosynthetic rates under conditions of water deficit. Bacillus megaterium strain inoculated into maize roots increased the ability of the root to absorb water under salinity conditions (Marulanda et al., 2010). A similar behavior was observed when Pantoea agglomerans was inoculated into the maize roots (Gond et al., 2015). Additionally, under salt stress, the inoculation with Azospirillum sp. improves the quality and storage life of lettuce (Fasciglione et al., 2015).

Aridity also imparts abiotic stress on plants due to high temperature. Plant reactions to high temperatures are complex and involve alterations at the physiological, molecular and biochemical levels and altered gene expression leading to a complex array of signaling and limiting plant growth, productivity and the grain quality and yield (Vejan et al., 2016). More specifically, heat stress affects protein denaturation and aggregation, fluidity of membrane lipids, inactivation of enzymes in chloroplast and mitochondria, inhibition of protein synthesis and loss of membrane integrity (Howarth, 2005). These injuries eventually lead to starvation, inhibition of growth, reduced ion flux, production of toxic compounds and reactive oxygen species (ROS). To overcome productivity and yield losses due to high temperature, the improvement of thermotolerance by PGPB inoculation strategies is a cost-effective biotechnology tool, which could be adopted by farmers globally. As example, the inoculation of the plant growth promoting Pseudomonas sp. strain AKM-P6 and the thermotolerant P. putida strain c enhanced the tolerance of sorghum and wheat seedlings to high temperature stress, respectively, due to the synthesis of high-molecular weight proteins and also improved the levels of cellular metabolites (Ali et al., 2009; Zulfikar Ali et al., 2011). However, the effectiveness of microbial inoculants under field conditions is still challenging since issues of host specificity, weak shelf-life, poor predictability and/or low survival of the inoculants under environmental conditions causes strong limitations for their application to mitigate heat and other abiotic stress on crops (de Freitas and Germida, 1992; Kaur et al., 2018; Meena et al., 2017; Zulfikar Ali et al., 2011). Several conflicting results of the effect of PGPB inoculation on increasing crop yield at field trials were reported under different temperature and climatic regions, cropping systems and agronomic management conditions (Leggett et al., 2015, 2017). Thus, crop yield statistics needs to be robustly tackled due to both logistical constraints, the associated cost of sampling, as well as the underlying complexity of environmental factors that arbitrate attainable yield (e.g., in relation to theoretical/potential yield).

Synthetic Consortia of Plant-Associated Bacteria

A promising strategy to improve the field performance of phytostimulating microbial inoculants is the design of synthetic microbial consortia that may overcome the efficacy limitations displayed by isolated microorganisms. Several studies reporting the greater potential of co-inoculating seeds or plants with combinations of multiple beneficial bacteria, in terms of the resulting plant growth promotion and biological control, than inoculation with a single bacterial species (Kumar, 2016; Sundaramoorthy et al., 2012) (Oliveira et al., 2009). The use of such consortiums as inoculants may pose an advantage, since different plant growth-promoting bacteria have been proven to interact synergistically with the plant host to provide nutrients, remove inhibitory products, or stimulate growth (Barea et al., 2002; Zoppellari et al., 2014). Furthermore, they have been found to stimulate the survival of one another through metabolic complementarity, inhibition of predators, biofilm protection and/or quorum sensing.

Regarding nutrient acquisition, specific examples of the superior performance of synthetic consortia include co-inoculation of chickpea with Serratia marcescens (SF3), Serratia spp. (ST9), and Mesorhizobium ciceri, which increased the number of nodules per plant, nodule dry weight, number of pods per plant, grain yield, protein content, and total chlorophyll content under irrigated and rainfed conditions, when compared to inoculation with single bacterial strains (Shahzad et al., 2014). On the other hand, sugarcane inoculation with a consortium of 5 diazotrophic bacteria (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans, Azospirillum amazonense, and Paraburkholderia tropica) also showed higher stem production in two soils with low-to medium levels of chemical fertilizer compared to mono-inoculated plants (Oliveira et al., 2009).

Biological control and induced plant defenses are also potentiated when co-inoculated consortia are compared to application of individual strains, as shown in the case of the protective endophytic strains Bacillus subtilis EPCO16 and Bacillus subtilis EPC5, when combined with the compatible rhizobacterial strain Pseudomonas fluorescens Pfl, in terms of protection against chili wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani and induction of an induced systemic resistance (ISR) response in the plant host. Induction of defensive enzymes in the plant, and metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of phytoalexins, showed that combinations of the three bacteria were more effective than addition of each separate strain (Sundaramoorthy et al., 2012). Furthermore, a comparison between separate and combined plant inoculation with fluorescent Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PHU094), Trichoderma harzianum (THU0816) and Mesorhizobium sp. (RL091), was made for plant growth promotion and defense induction in chickpea plants challenged by the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii. Results demonstrated that the most effective treatment was combined application of PHU094, THU0816 and RL091, either in the presence or absence of pathogenic challenge (Sigh et al., 2014).

Inoculation of synthetic consortia has also been proven more effective than individual strains under conditions of abiotic stress. For example, when four compatible and desiccation-tolerant PGPB strains, including Pseudomonas putida (KT2440), Sphingomonas sp. (OF178), Azospirillum brasilense (Sp7) and Acinetobacter sp. (EMM02), were tested as growth promoters of maize plants. The plants inoculated with the bacterial consortium outperformed plants inoculated with individual bacteria, in general, and this advantage was also observed when the inoculated seeds underwent desiccation stress before germination, showing a strong protective potential for the synthetic consortium for dry land agriculture applications (Molina-Romero et al., 2017). In addition, Pseudomonas putida (NBRIRA) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (NBRISN13) with several PGPB traits were evaluated for their synergistic effect to ameliorate drought stress in chickpea, showing that plant growth parameters were significantly higher in consortium inoculated plants as compared to the effects of individual PGPB (Kumar, 2016).

In general, isolated microorganisms are considered to be limited in their plant growth promoting action because of a) a restricted host range relative to their beneficial effects, as has been shown for Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Enterobacter strains isolated from tomato plants (Vaikuntapu et al., 2014) and Azospirillum strains obtained from different rice varieties (Chamam et al., 2013); b) poor resilience to changes in their environmental conditions (as reviewed in (Mahmood et al., 2016)); c) higher susceptibility to antagonism or predation by the native microbiota (Savka et al., 2002); d) lower competitiveness with respect to the native, well-adapted host microbiota, as demonstrated when compared with native Pseudomonas strains improving growth of Mentha piperita (Santoro et al., 2015). Furthermore, the rhizosphere environment tends to favor association with different microorganisms harboring few or single plant growth promoting functions that complement each other to foster plant growth, rather than single bacteria expressing many complementary functions (Vacheron et al., 2016).

Next Generation of Microbial Inoculants

Despite the fact that inoculation of plants with beneficial bacteria is a century-old technology, microorganism-based technologies for agriculture are now posed as the most revolutionary and environmentally friendly biotechnology for increasing agriculture production, based on balancing the economic costs and the economic benefits against the agroecosystem preservation (Berninger et al., 2018; Cassán and Diaz-Zorita, 2016; Dunham Trimmer, 2017).

A series of microbial inoculants have appeared on the commercial market but the application of PGPB in crops still implies a substantial technological challenge. Several factors have been described to limit the effectiveness of isolated microorganisms or synthetic consortia as agricultural products designed to enhance plant growth and/or induce systemic tolerance to environmental stresses (adverse factors such as soil types, climatic conditions, crop variety, bacterial genotype, effectiveness of the bacterial isolates, poor quality of the inoculant, the proper inoculation technology or the production technology is limited). Thus, bacterial formulations with PGPB do not usually achieve the desired effectiveness in field applications, and are regularly incompatible with standard agricultural practices (Bashan, 1998; Bashan et al., 2014). Accordingly, next generation microbial technologies for traditional and organic agriculture must overcome these significant current limitations. The formulations and methods described herein overcome these limitations.

Microbial Inoculation Techniques on Seeds for Improved Crop Performance

For sustainable and precision agriculture a current challenge is to better manage microorganisms to develop more robust and effective bioinoculants. Regardless of the purpose for which beneficial microorganisms are applied to crops, they must be applied in a way that optimizes and assures their functionality. Several reports have shown different techniques for delivering PGPB microorganisms, such as liquids (for spray application, drenching or root dipping) or as dry formulations ((Barea, 2015; O'Callaghan, 2016) (and references therein)). However, many of these approaches are not economically efficient or feasible on a large-scale scenario because of the amount of microbial inoculum needed (particularly in broad acre crops) and due to other environmental and operational factors which can diminish its survival and functionality of the microorganism (such as drought, high temperatures, contamination, field soil microbiota, microbiological-unsuitable management, etc).

Well-known limitations on field application of bioinoculants are the following:

Farm-handling qualities: A major concern for the growers relies on the ease handling of the inoculants and if possible, the application using the standard seeding machinery. In addition, it is uncommon that farm practices change to accommodate a high quality inoculant technology using specialized machinery (Date, 2001).

Long storage quality: The inoculant should have enough shelf-life. One to two years at room temperature are often necessary for successful integration of the microbial technology into current agricultural distribution system (Deaker et al., 2011).

Inoculants performance: A microbial formulation must be stable during production, distribution, storage, and transportation to the farmer, particularly when the main ingredient is alive and susceptible to changes, as when compared to farm chemicals. When formulating a microorganism into an affordable product used by microbiologically-unskilled farmers, is a difficult task mainly because: i)—under precise laboratory conditions a microbial strain may function optimally and similar results under field condition are expected, but conditions in the farm might be not ideal bioinoculants are usually liquid or solid formulations and if they are wrongly stored (e.g. at high or room temperatures), or wrongly mixed or diluted, it may diminished the microbial viability and thus its beneficial effect on field. Cross-contamination by other microorganisms might also occur having negative effect on the original bioinoculants (Bashan et al., 2014; Mahmood et al., 2016) and eventually on the crops too.

Method of inoculation: applying bioinoculant directly to a seed contributes to the survival and efficiency of the bacteria in the soil and on the plant. In some implementations, the effectiveness of the beneficial effects of microorganisms in the plant is limited by certain biotic and abiotic factors (including soil temperature and moisture, nutrient presence and pH), the storage conditions of the product, and its shelf-life (Calabi-Floody et al., 2018; Mahmood et al., 2016; Taylor et al., 1998).

The application of beneficial microorganisms directly over seeds is proposed as an efficient mechanism to overcome some of these disadvantages since it facilitates colonization of microbial inocula to soil and/or plant. Thus, direct seed treatments with beneficial microorganisms helps to the plant colonization by the microbials at an early stage of development and continuing through all its life cycle. Broadly, these methods have been reported as the best alternative for the application of a wide range of beneficial microorganisms to seed. However, they were mainly described for research purposes (O'Callaghan, 2016) (and references therein). Most work on microbial seed inoculation is developed by agrichemical and seed companies and the techniques and processes used are rarely published and are held as “in house knowledge” (US2010/0154299A1; US2015/0289515 A1; US2018/0064116A1; US2018/098483A1; US2018/0064116A1; US2018/0132486A1).

The current seed treatments using PGPB as bioinoculants, include procedures such as:

Coating: precise amounts of active ingredients (bacteria, pesticides, fungicides, etc.) are applied over the seed surface using a liquid media, generating a thin layer over the seed that doesn't modify its shape. There are mainly two different types of coating: “film coating” or “slurry coating”. In film coating procedures, the inoculum is applied as an aqueous cell suspension using polymers or adhesive materials (e.g. methyl cellulose, vegetable or paraffin oils, polysaccharides, etc). On the opposite, in slurry coating seed treatment methods the inoculants are formulated as dry powders or attached to specific carriers (commonly peat, charcoal, lignite, farmyard manure, etc.) and they are applied to the outside of seeds using a range of stickers. While film coating has mainly been used experimentally, the slurry coating is used extensively on farms. Although these methods have been proved to reduce reproducibility inconsistency issues in the field, problems as seed shelf-life and cell viability still persist in commercially available formulations (Calabi-Floody et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 1998; Taylor and Harman, 1990).

Pelleting: the process involves the addition of inert materials with the intention of enlarging the seed and producing a globular unit of a standard size. This procedure has gained popularity in precision agriculture, since it allows modification of the shape and size of small and irregularly seeds thus facilitates the handling by machines for precision sowing. There are two main components in a seed pelleting: the bulking-coating material and the binder. The bulking material can either be a mixture of several different mineral and/or organic substances or a single component. The second component, the binder, holds the coating material together. Many different compounds have been used as binders, including various starches, sugars, gum arabic, clay, cellulose, vinyl polymers (O'Callaghan, 2016; Taylor et al., 1998; Taylor and Harman, 1990) (and references therein).

Priming: this method comprises the immersion of seeds in an aqueous suspension (without using any kind of liquid polymer or adhesive) for a pre-determined period, followed by drying of seed to prevent onset of germination. Given the effort involved in this process, it is most appropriate for low-medium volume and high value crops, such as vegetable seeds (O'Callaghan, 2016; Taylor et al., 1998; Taylor and Harman, 1990). Among different priming techniques, hydration using any biological compound is termed as ‘biopriming’ (Ashraf and Foolad, 2005; Bennett and Whipps, 2008b, 2008a; Wright et al., 2003; Yadav et al., 2018)

Current Limitations for Implementation of the Microbial Technology on Seeds

A comprehensive review on microbial technologies, the formulations and practical perspectives of bioinoculants has been published (Bashan et al., 2014). The authors reported a number of top priorities for PGPB inoculants must be carefully analyzed and overcome considering: improvements in the implementation of delivery systems; in-depth evaluation of carriers, an enhancement survival of microorganisms in the inoculants, an increase in the shelf-life of the inoculant products, the use of multi-strain inoculants, to develop more low-cost technology, to practice nursery inoculation for transplanted crops, etc. More recently, the most common biopriming technologies was reviewed (O'Callaghan, 2016). Although not exhaustive, the cited work agreed in identify the key constraints limiting commercial development of microbial seed inoculants.

To date, significant technical challenges must be tackled before achieving a commercially viable seed treatment based on microbial inocula, specially 1) the effective viability of the microbial inocula on the seed throughout all the seed treatment, processing and storage stages for finally obtaining the desired PGPB effects on plants in the field after sowed, 2) the effective viability of the seed after being treated because it is a well-known fact that treated seeds with techniques based on liquid imbibition, such as hydropriming and osmopriming, presents a rapidly decrease in their storage life measured as their germination capability and vigor (Wang et al., 2018; Schwember and Bradford, 2011; Hill and Cunningham, 2007; Tarquis and Bradford, 1992), and 3) for the positive effect derived from the interaction microbial inocula with the host plant to be successfully achieved in different soil types and environmental conditions.

Biopriming and Seed Treatment Methodology: Microprime™

A typical seed priming protocol includes the steps of soaking the seeds in any solution containing a required priming agent (inorganic and organic salts, nanoparticles, plant growth regulating substances and/or plant growth promoting bacteria) followed by re-drying the seeds. This results into the start of the germination process except by the radicle emergence (Heydecker et al., 1973; Mahakham et al., 2017; McDonald, 1999; Song et al., 2017; Wright et al., 2003). Seed priming using osmotic solutions (osmopriming) has been around for many decades (Heydecker et al., 1973) and is now a common commercial practice in selected high value horticultural seeds. This concept was also extended to hydropriming in cereal and legume crops and the “on farm” priming technique has been revived (Harris et al., 2001). In recent years, several metal- and carbon-based nanoparticles (e.g., AgNPs16, AuNPs5, CuNPs17,18, ZnNPs17,18, fullerene22 and carbon23 nanotubes, etc.) have been applied as seed priming agents for promoting seed germination, seedling growth and stress tolerance in some crops (Mahakham et al., 2017). Amongst different priming techniques (e.g. hydropriming, osmopriming, nanopriming, etc.) when this procedure is performed using microbial cells, the inner spaces within a seed have potentially ideal conditions for the bacterial inoculation and colonization (McQuilken et al., 1998; Ashraf and Foolad, 2005; Bennett et al., 2009; Tabassum et al., 2018; Wright et al., 2003).

Since the early 90's the biopriming method has been extensively used for a wide range of crops and has been undoubtedly recognized as an environmentally friendly agrotechnology (O'Callaghan, 2016; Taylor and Harman, 1990). Sometimes, the biopriming technique is wrongly defined as the application of whole microorganisms, their exudates or some biologically active compounds on the outside of the seed (El-Mougy and Abdel-Kader, 2008; Muller and Berg, 2008; Song et al., 2017; Saber et al., 2012). Being more accurately, biopriming incorporates biological (inoculation of seed with beneficial microorganism) and physiological elements (seed hydration) into the seed, by promoting the rate and uniformity emergence of seedlings and also improving the plant traits. Seeds treated with microorganisms differ fundamentally from other biological seed treatments in that while performing the seed treatment with microorganisms the cells may be alive and so the colonization and proliferation of the added microbes must occur inside the seeds. However, most literature from the previous state of art, is not rigorous on explaining the differences in detail. Specifically, no results or studies have been yet reported on 1) the survival and/or proliferation of the biological agents (PGPB strains or consortia) inside the seed through relevant time frames (several months), 2) seed shelf-life and effective germination after several months after treatment, 3) effective microbe inocula and plant interaction after relevant time being the seed stored and 4) economically viable methodologies (taking into account relevant factors such as seed treatment required time, inputs and energy) with the potential of being scalable and thus being implementable within a traditional seed business model. Moreover, bio-osmopriming have solely demonstrated to significantly enhance the uniformity of the germination and plant growth traits when associated with bacterial coating procedures (Bennett et al., 2009; Raj et al., 2004; Sharifi, 2011; Sharifi et al., 2011; Shariffi et al., 2012). Several researchers have reported incubation time from 20 min to several days (Bennett et al., 2009; Bennett and Whipps, 2008b, 2008a; Murunde and Wainwright, 2018). As well, cell suspension broadly ranged from 10⁵ to 10⁹ cells per gram of seed and depending on the type of the biological agent (i.e: spores, endospore or vegetative cells) (Wright et al., 2003; Saber et al., 2012; Raj et al., 2004; Murunde and Wainwright, 2018). In fact, the biopriming has been practiced and explained by different researchers in several ways, but is still an ambiguous approach which needs to be explored and discussed (Bennett et al., 2009; Callan et al., 1990, 1991; Chakraborty et al., 2011; Mirshekari et al., 2012; Moeinzadeh et al., 2010; Raj et al., 2004; Reddy, 2013; Sharifi, 2011; Sharifi et al., 2011; Sharifi et al., 2012).

According to the state of the art, the use of Bacillus sp. exudates to trigger immunity on cucumber plants was explained by Song et al., (Song et al., 2017). This approach have several misleading results both in method and scope because it 1) Does not use the bacterial inocula or its derived plant growth promoting agents but instead the seed is bioprimed by a compound based on peptides; 2) Does not incorporates living microorganisms inside the seed for them or its exudates to be in contact with the embryo at early post-dormant stage of seed germination; 3) Does not confirms if the biological agent (e.g. cyclodipeptides) have entered the seed and primed a PGP effect (changes in genes expression) at early stage of the plant embryo (previous to the pericarp rupture); and 4) Does not inform on the stability of the elicitors of plant immunity triggers through time. This last issue is particularly relevant since a commercially feasible microbial technology for agriculture must have to be stable through a relatively long period of time (e.g. more than six months) in order to be compatible with current agricultural distribution systems. In addition, the biological priming agent used in this referenced work, is particularly unstable through time and susceptible to be changed by abiotic and biotic environmental factors (e.g. temperature, pH, biodegradation activity by other microorganisms, etc.).

Serratia plymuthica strain HRO-C48 was also reported as biological agent for inoculation procedures on seeds (Muller and Berg, 2008). This work attempted to compare three different techniques as pelleting, film coating and bio-osmopriming. In spite of the cells numbers per seed that was determined immediately after seed treatment and storage, authors have failure in accurately quantify the shelf-life of the product for it to be a commercially feasible for the agriculture industry. In fact, the strain HRO-C48 viability was just determined over an extremely short storage period (30 days). An additional ambiguous topic reported by the authors relies on the biopriming optimization procedures since 1) a high initial cell density was adjusted for the seed immersion and, 2) long incubation time of the seeds in the presence of the biological agent was used (reported as 12 hours). Certainly, all of this aspects are often not feasible parameters for an industrial and commercial implementation of the method (Muller and Berg, 2008).

Some other works pointing out the incorporation of synthetic microorganism formulations inside the seed were also reported in the state of the art. For instance, the US Patent 2016/0338360 A1 and 2016/0330976 A1 have referred to a seed containing beneficial bacteria. The methods presented in both of these referenced works are based on the direct inoculation of flowers and different parts of the plant in order to finally obtain seeds containing the desired microorganisms (Mitter et al, 2016a, 2016b).

The current invention proposes a new, effective and reliable alternative to traditional biopriming technology that directly tackles the previously described issues. The proposed seed treatment method, denominated Microprime™, is a well-designed, calculated, executed and controlled process for obtaining commercial seeds with improved plant traits and yield performance. Precisely, the invention relates to a stable microbial seed treatment methodology by which is incorporated a plant-beneficial bacteria and/or a synthetic consortia of microorganisms and/or its exudates and/or its individualized biomolecules inside of seeds through an industrially scalable process, which takes into account the process cost, time and energy, the technology stability through time (for both the plant embryo and the inoculant), the multi-soil compatibility, the stability under different environmental conditions and also compatibility with the traditional distribution chain for agricultural inputs. The method involves a controlled, economical and fast imbibition of seeds in an aqueous solution of an osmotically active liquid media supplemented with an specific amount of the beneficial microorganisms or a synthetic consortia of microorganisms and/or its exudates and/or its individualized biomolecules, in addition to a surfactant to enhance intra-seed permeability and/or a group of nutrients to enhance the microorganism colonization inside the seed and/or a supplemental reagent for enhancing bacterial endospore formation. The biological agent survival, the genetic modulation of the embryo and the extended shelf-life of the treated seed are guaranteed by the Microprime™ seed technology. Finally, the novel methodology reported here includes certain checkpoints along the entire process, providing a replicable and reliable final product. Some of the checkpoints include the confirmation of a molecular priming on the seed, measuring the expression of a specific set of genes related to development, abiotic stress tolerance and defense response to pathogens.

The invention proposes a novel strategy for enabling plant traits and enhance its yield. The strategy is based on two effects in the plant seed that are achieved by the implementation of a specific seed treatment method (Microprime™) explained below:

1. Loading into the seed functional bacteria: endospore-forming bacteria and/or endospores are loaded into the seed by the implementation of the current seed treatment method. As a result of the Microprime™ seed treatment, endospore-forming bacteria and/or endospores are allocated into the seed in an interspace located between the seed pericarp and its aleurone cell layer, as is shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 4. The endospore-forming bacteria and/or endospores incorporated into the seed correspond to strains which have the ability to effectively colonize the plant rhizosphere and also have the ability to fixing nitrogen and/or solubilize phosphate and/or synthesize phytohormones. The endospore-converting ability of the selected bacteria and its allocation inside the seed guarantees the stability after the Microprime™ seed treatment and during the entire commercial storage. This process is confirmed by bacterial cell count in time (examples 1-5).

2. Plant gene expression modulation: this is achieved during the Microprime™ seed treatment process by the action of selected bacteria and/or bacteria's exudates which are able to enter into the seed and reach the embryo triggering Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST) and/or Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and/or plant development program. These three processes allow plants to tolerate abiotic stresses (heat, drought, salinity, etc.), resist biotic stress (pathogen attacks) and enhance root system and therefore its nutrient and water acquisition which directly improves plant performance. This effect is confirmed with transcriptional analysis by qRT-PCR of key genes involved in the mentioned process (example 11).

In order for this invention to have value and real industrial-scale applicability, it is necessary that the method to be cost efficient and scalable. In a seed treatment process like the one in this invention, there are several steps that require time, inputs and energy. The method and the invention proposed have as a first priority making the seed treatment processing cost and time as low as possible. The Microprime™ methodology aims to make the seed treatment process effective when carried out at room temperature (between 20 and 24° C.) while performing the seed imbibition during less than 20 minutes to 16 hours. The latter is not trivial to achieve, since in addition to having a minimum desirable number of bacteria, endospore-forming bacteria and/or endospores within the seeds after the Microprime™ seed treatment, it is necessary for the bacteria remain stable and viable over time, so, the seeds (as a product) can undergo unaffected through storage, packaging, logistics, and sowing processes, as is done the same with a traditional seed without Microprime™ seed treatment.

The proposed methodology consists of imbibing the previously disinfected seeds into a seed treatment media containing nutrients, surfactants and salts (henceforth micropriming solution). FIG. 2 shows a process diagram which depicts the seed treatment process.

Stability of Bacterial Seed Treatment

The stability of the bacteria within the seed over time is not a simple nor an obvious issue to address. When incorporating the bacteria into the seed using our proposed seed treatment methodology (Microprime™ seed treatment), for the case of a corn seed the place within the seed where the bacteria is located is showed in FIG. 4.

In FIG. 4A it can be appreciated that the space inside the corn seed where the bacteria marked with a red fluorescent protein (RFP) are lodged after the Microprime™ seed treatment (pink filaments). This place is the interspace between the seed pericarp and the seed aleurone cells layer, which separates the endosperm and embryo from outer layers. This is a place where some microorganisms can be comfortable for a limited period of time, after which due to depletion of available nutrients necessarily the cell will die or in case of some specific microorganisms, start a process of endosporulation (bacteria from the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria Phylum). The benefit of being deposited in the aforementioned place is that the microorganisms are protected from external elements that could affect their immediate integrity such as other microorganisms or dehydration.

To tackle the viability issue for longer periods of time due to the lack of nutrients, the methodology will depend on the type of bacteria to cope with it. There are bacteria that under certain conditions (mainly in scenarios where they sense feasibility risk), they have the ability to stop multiplying and enter to a physical state called endospore. As an endospore, the bacterium enters a dormant scenario in which it may be absent from nutrients for extended periods of time. For bacteria, mainly from the Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phylum, which have the capacity to generate endospores, the Microprime™ solution is supplemented with certain salts that will push the bacteria to enter this state of lethargy once it is incorporated into the seed. By doing the latter the viability of the bacteria within the seed is ensured over time. When the endospore is found again in favorable conditions of moisture and nutrients (for instance when the seed is sowed), it reverts to an active-bacteria state (vegetative cell) and starts normal functions and vegetative reproduction.

Another strategy is to supplement the Microprime™ solution directly with endospores rather than to push the bacteria to convert while performing the seed treatment process. The later had shown better yields in terms of endospores per seed that can be found after a Microprime™ seed treatment.

The following Table 1 shows some bacteria genus that are of special interest for this proposed novel seed treatment due to their ability of converting to endospores:

TABLE 1 Phylum Firmicutes Proteobacteria Actinobacteria Genus Acetonema sp. Halonatronum sp. Sporohalobacter sp. Actinomyces sp. Coxiella sp. Alkalibacillus sp. Heliobacterium sp. Sporolactobacillus sp. Ammoniphilus sp. Heliophilum sp. Sporomusa sp. Amphibacillus sp. Laceyella sp. Sporosarcina sp. Anaerobacter sp. Lentibacillus sp. Sporotalea sp. Anaerospora sp. Lysinibacillus sp. Sporotomaculum sp. Aneurinibacillus sp. Mahella sp. Syntrophomonas sp. Anoxybacillus sp. Metabacterium sp. Syntrophospora sp. Bacillus sp. Moorella sp. Tenuibacillus sp. Brevibacillus sp. Natroniella sp. Tepidibacter sp. Caldanaerobacter sp. Oceanobacillus sp. Terribacillus sp. Caloramator sp. Orenia sp. Thalassobacillus sp. Caminicella sp. Omithinibacillus sp. Therrnoacetogenium sp. Cerasibacillus sp. Oxalophagus sp. Themioactinomyces sp. Clostridium sp. Oxobacter sp. Thermoalkalibacillus sp. Clostridiisalibacter sp. Paenibacillus sp. Thermoanaerobacter sp. Cohnella sp. Paraliobacillus sp. Thermoanaeromonas sp. Dendrosporobacter sp. Pelospora sp. Thermobacillus sp. Desulfotomaculum sp. Pelotomaculum sp. Thermoflavimicrobium sp. Desulfosporomusa sp. Piscibacillus sp. Thermovenabulum sp. Desulfosporosinus sp. Planifilum sp. Tuberibacillus sp. Desulfovirgula sp. Pontibacillus sp. Virgibacillus sp. Desulfunispora sp. Propionispora sp. Vulcanobacillus sp. Desulfurispora sp. Salinibacillus sp. Filifactor sp. Salsuginibacillus sp. Filobacillus sp. Seinonella sp. Gelria sp. Shimazuella sp. Geobacillus sp. Sporacetigenium sp. Geosporobacter sp. Sporoanaerobacter sp. Gracilibacillus sp. Sporobacter sp. Halobacillus sp. Sporobacterium sp.

The bacteria of the genus Bacillus are one of the most abundant with endosporulation ability and also there exist extensive studies of multiple strains of Bacillus with PGPB traits. For an adequate proliferation of bacteria inside the seed, it is necessary to supplement the Microprime™ solution with nutrients of particular compatibility with the selected bacterium, or alternatively, directly eadd to the Microprime™ solution endospores of the desired bacterium to be incorporated into the seed.

Biological Priming of the Seed Embryo

The method of the disclosure contemplates treatment of plant seeds with bacterial compositions designed as previously explained (Microprime™ seed treatment). Such a treatment can employ osmotic permeation of the seeds to allow bacteria incorporation, a treatment that was described initially by Smith et al. to introduce chemical priming agents into the seeds is currently referred to as osmopriming. The method of this disclosure, however, has been adapted to the incorporation of bacterial populations into the dormant seeds, with the aim to produce an early conditioning of the emerging plantlet through direct biological priming of the embryo, once dormancy is finished, and proper environmental or agronomic conditions induce the first stage of germination. This novel approach provides an unprecedented advantage with respect to previously disclosed bacterial formulations designed to produce biological priming, since incorporated bacteria are protected within dormant seeds, and conveniently positioned to produce by themselves or by action of their exudates an enduring priming of the embryo from the earliest possible developmental stages (example 11). Furthermore, treated seeds are susceptible to regular transport, storage, coating pelleting and sowing treatments according to the standard agronomic practice, without any additional requirement regarding manipulation, nutritional additives, preservatives, or irrigation, and without incompatibility restrictions related to pest or plant disease control agents. Thus, the method described here (Microprime™ seed treatment) also provides a clear advantage from seed biopriming (Mahmood et al., 2016), because that method involves pre-germination of the seeds and dormancy termination, which reduces storage survival and limits manipulation and treatment feasibility (examples 5 and 6).

In addition, the method of this disclosure is different from methods previously reported to inoculate seeds using parental plants as reactors for microbial growth or by inoculation of plant sexual organs (Mitter et al., 2016a; Mitter et al., 2016b). Such methods imply an intrinsic bias in the type of bacteria that can be finally incorporated into the seeds, as successful inoculants must be able to survive within plant target organs or tissues, to compete with endogenous microorganisms and to access the seed inner space by their selves. The Microprime™ strategy presented here is not hampered by endophytic competence or tissue survival, as artificially incorporated bacteria do not have to be endosymbionts, they do not need to face the defensive response of a mature plant, or outcompete endophytic microbiota, but are only required to survive long enough or for its exudates to be able to reach the plant embryo to produce a molecular priming of the plant.

We believe that the unique advantages and differentiating features stated above make the method of this disclosure non-obvious to a person skilled in the techniques involved in bacterial plant growth stimulation. In fact, for this strategy to be successful, certain key conditions must be met by candidate bacteria for treatment compositions, which are not necessarily considered in standard formulation of plant growth-promoting microorganisms. In the first place, bacterial compositions must be designed using the effectiveness and compatibility criteria described above, to avoid competition and/or antagonistic effects within the seeds. Absence of these effects must be experimentally assessed before a composition is formulated. Seed internalization must be evaluated for each bacterium contained in a designed composition, determining saturation curves, and bacterial survival during storage time and seed treatment procedures (FIG. 5, examples 1-5). Furthermore, analyses of the seed internal tissues must also be carried out to assess the presence and viability of the desired bacteria and the relative abundance of each component strain with respect to others (FIG. 4, examples 1-5).

Plant material must also be conditioned prior to treatment with a specific bacterial composition. Seeds may be sterilized in order to eliminate any background noise while determining the effectiveness of the Microprime™ seed treatment.

Once Microprime™ has occurred, transcriptional analysis of marker genes related to defense among pathogens, abiotic stress tolerance and development must be determined to confirm the impact of the beneficial bacteria on the treated seeds (example 11). This analysis must be performed after the dormancy stage of the seed and previous to the seed pericarp and endosperm rupture and radicle emergence. Assessment of transcriptional changes in the developing embryo that are due to previous bacterial treatment of the dormant seed is also a crucial step in the validation of the methodology, since it provides a fast confirmation of priming effectiveness, and the results cannot yet be influenced by external factors that appear after seed rupture, including access to other microorganisms from the seed exterior to the developing plant tissue and/or the chemical composition of the surrounding soil or growth substrate.

The methods and compositions proposed in this invention can be summarized on Microprime™ seed treatment method where seeds are incorporated into a saline solution containing seed-compatible bacteria compositions, bacteria-compatible nutrients (in case of using non-endosporulating bacteria), and surfactants to increase bacterial cell load into de seed at room temperature and in a short period of seed immersion and the supplemented minerals for increasing the conversion rate of endospore-forming bacteria to endospores (FIG. 2).

FIG. 3 depicts the present invention methodology for obtaining stable microbial technology seed treatments.

Modified Plant Seeds

In one aspect, provided herein, is a modified plant seed comprising a microorganism or an exudate of a microorganism incorporated into the seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate imparts a beneficial property to the plant. In some embodiments, the beneficial property improves plant growth. In some embodiments, the beneficial property is improved plant growth. In some preferred embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming bacteria or endospore thereof.

The microorganism or exudate incorporated into a modified plant seed may improve a variety of plant properties that promote plant growth. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate imparts a plant growth effect. In some embodiments, the plant growth effect comprises cell osmoregulation, ionic homeostasis, antioxidant defense, heat stress tolerance, maintenance of photosynthetic capacity, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the plant growth effect comprises cell osmoregulation. In some embodiments, the plant growth effect comprises ionic homeostasis. In some embodiments, the plant growth effect comprises antioxidant defense. In some embodiments, the plant growth effect comprises heat stress tolerance. In some embodiments, the plant growth effect comprises maintenance of photosynthetic capacity. In some embodiments, the plant growth effect is triggering Induced Systemic Resistance. In some embodiments, the plant growth effect is triggering Induced Systemic Tolerance.

In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate incorporated into the seed improves seed germination rate. In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least about 50%. In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by at least about 1%. In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by at least about 2% In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by at least about 3%. In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by at least about 4%. In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by at least about 5%. In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by at least about 10%. In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by at least about 20%. In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by at least about 30%. In some embodiments, the seed germination rate is improved by comparison to a seed that has not had the microorganism or exudate incorporated into the seed.

In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate incorporated in the seed improve plant growth in stress conditions. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate incorporated into the seed improves drought tolerance. In some embodiments, the improved drought tolerance is the ability to grow in times of drought. In some embodiments, the plant growth is improved during times of drought compared to plants grown from seeds without the microorganism or exudate incorporated. In some embodiments, the plant growth is improved by at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, or at least about 50% in conditions of drought.

In some embodiments, plant growth is improved by about 1% to about 50%. In some embodiments, plant growth is improved by about 1% to about 2%, about 1% to about 3%, about 1% to about 4%, about 1% to about 5%, about 1% to about 10%, about 1% to about 20%, about 1% to about 30%, about 1% to about 40%, about 1% to about 50%, about 2% to about 3%, about 2% to about 4%, about 2% to about 5%, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 20%, about 2% to about 30%, about 2% to about 40%, about 2% to about 50%, about 3% to about 4%, about 3% to about 5%, about 3% to about 10%, about 3% to about 20%, about 3% to about 30%, about 3% to about 40%, about 3% to about 50%, about 4% to about 5%, about 4% to about 10%, about 4% to about 20%, about 4% to about 30%, about 4% to about 40%, about 4% to about 50%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 40%, about 5% to about 50%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 40%, about 10% to about 50%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 40%, about 20% to about 50%, about 30% to about 40%, about 30% to about 50%, or about 40% to about 50%. In some embodiments, plant growth is improved by about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50%. In some embodiments, plant growth is improved by at least about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, or about 40%. In some embodiments, plant growth is improved by at most about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50%. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured by comparison to a plant grown from a seed untreated with the microorganism or exudate.

The plant growth may be measured by measuring the size of a portion of the plant. The portion of the plant may depend upon the type of plant. For example, when the plant seed is a lettuce plant seed (ex. Lactuca sativa), the size of the rosette may be measured. In some embodiments, the size of the fruit is used to measure plant growth. In some embodiments, the weight of the shoot of the plant is used to measure plant growth. In some embodiments, the weight of the root of the plant is used to measure plant growth. In some embodiments, the plant or the part of the plant is dried before measurement.

In some embodiments, the plant growth is measured after a desired period of time. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after about 1 week to about 36 weeks. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after about 1 week to about 2 weeks, about 1 week to about 4 weeks, about 1 week to about 6 weeks, about 1 week to about 8 weeks, about 1 week to about 12 weeks, about 1 week to about 18 weeks, about 1 week to about 36 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 4 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 2 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 6 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 4 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 8 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 6 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 12 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 8 weeks to about 36 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 18 weeks, about 12 weeks to about 36 weeks, or about 18 weeks to about 36 weeks. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 18 weeks, or about 36 weeks. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after at least about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 12 weeks, or about 18 weeks. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after at most about 2 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks, about 12 weeks, about 18 weeks, or about 36 weeks. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after about 7 days to about 42 days. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after about 7 days to about 14 days, about 7 days to about 28 days, about 7 days to about 42 days, about 14 days to about 28 days, about 14 days to about 42 days, or about 28 days to about 42 days. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after about 7 days, about 14 days, about 28 days, or about 42 days. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after at least about 7 days, about 14 days, or about 28 days. In some embodiments, plant growth is measured after at most about 14 days, about 28 days, or about 42 days.

In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate is incorporated into the interior of the seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate is incorporated into the seed beneath the pericarp. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate is incorporated into the seed between the pericarp and the aleurone cell layer. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate contacts the embryo of the seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate does not contact the embryo of the seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate contacts the endosperm of the seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate does not contact the endosperm of the seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate is incorporated into the seed in an interspace between a seed coat and a seed embryo. In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate is incorporated into an interspace between a seed pericarp and a seed aleurone cell layer.

The modified plant seed may be any type of plant seed. In some embodiments, the modified seed is a monocot seed. In some embodiments, the plant seed is a maize, a wheat, a rice, a barley, a rye, a sugar cane, a millet, an oat, or a sorghum seed. In some embodiments, the plant seed is a maize seed. In some embodiments, the plant seed is a Zea maize seed. In some embodiments, the modified seed is a dicot seed. In some embodiments, the seed is a a soybean, cotton, alfalfa, bean, quinoa, lentil, peanut, lettuce, tomato, or cabbage seed. In some embodiments, the seed is a lettuce seed. In some embodiments, the seed is a Lactuca sativa seed. In some embodiments, the seed is a tomato seed. In some embodiments, the seed is a Solanum lycopersicum seed. In some embodiments, the seed is a genetically modified organism (GMO) seed. In some embodiments, the seed is a non-GMO seed.

An amount of microorganism or exudate incorporated into the seed must be of a sufficient level in order for the plant growth effect to be imparted to the plant. In some embodiments, the amount of microorganism incorporated into the seed is about 250 colony forming units (CFU) to about 5,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the amount of microorganism incorporated into the seed is about 250 CFU to about 500 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 750 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 1,000 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 2,000 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 3,000 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 4,000 CFU, about 250 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 750 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 1,000 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 2,000 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 3,000 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 4,000 CFU, about 500 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, about 750 CFU to about 1,000 CFU, about 750 CFU to about 2,000 CFU, about 750 CFU to about 3,000 CFU, about 750 CFU to about 4,000 CFU, about 750 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 2,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 3,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 4,000 CFU, about 1,000 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, about 2,000 CFU to about 3,000 CFU, about 2,000 CFU to about 4,000 CFU, about 2,000 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, about 3,000 CFU to about 4,000 CFU, about 3,000 CFU to about 5,000 CFU, or about 4,000 CFU to about 5,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the amount of microorganism incorporated into the seed is about 250 CFU, about 500 CFU, about 750 CFU, about 1,000 CFU, about 2,000 CFU, about 3,000 CFU, about 4,000 CFU, or about 5,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the amount of microorganism incorporated into the seed is at least about 250 CFU, about 500 CFU, about 750 CFU, about 1,000 CFU, about 2,000 CFU, about 3,000 CFU, or about 4,000 CFU. In some embodiments, the amount of microorganism incorporated into the seed is at most about 500 CFU, about 750 CFU, about 1,000 CFU, about 2,000 CFU, about 3,000 CFU, about 4,000 CFU, or about 5,000 CFU. In some embodiments, at least about 500 CFU are incorporated into the seed. In some embodiments, at least about 1000 CFU are incorporated into the seed.

In some embodiments, the microorganism or exudate incorporated into the seed is shelf stable for an extended period of time. In some embodiments, the shelf stability indicates that the plant growth promoting effect of the incorporated microorganism or exudate persists for the extended period of time. In some embodiments, the modified seed is shelf stable for about 3 months to about 36 months. In some embodiments, the modified seed is shelf stable for about 3 months to about 6 months, about 3 months to about 9 months, about 3 months to about 12 months, about 3 months to about 15 months, about 3 months to about 18 months, about 3 months to about 21 months, about 3 months to about 24 months, about 3 months to about 30 months, about 3 months to about 36 months, about 6 months to about 9 months, about 6 months to about 12 months, about 6 months to about 15 months, about 6 months to about 18 months, about 6 months to about 21 months, about 6 months to about 24 months, about 6 months to about 30 months, about 6 months to about 36 months, about 9 months to about 12 months, about 9 months to about 15 months, about 9 months to about 18 months, about 9 months to about 21 months, about 9 months to about 24 months, about 9 months to about 30 months, about 9 months to about 36 months, about 12 months to about 15 months, about 12 months to about 18 months, about 12 months to about 21 months, about 12 months to about 24 months, about 12 months to about 30 months, about 12 months to about 36 months, about 15 months to about 18 months, about 15 months to about 21 months, about 15 months to about 24 months, about 15 months to about 30 months, about 15 months to about 36 months, about 18 months to about 21 months, about 18 months to about 24 months, about 18 months to about 30 months, about 18 months to about 36 months, about 21 months to about 24 months, about 21 months to about 30 months, about 21 months to about 36 months, about 24 months to about 30 months, about 24 months to about 36 months, or about 30 months to about 36 months. In some embodiments, the modified seed is shelf stable for about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, about 24 months, about 30 months, or about 36 months. In some embodiments, the modified seed is shelf stable for at least about 3 months, about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, about 24 months, or about 30 months. In some embodiments, the modified seed is shelf stable for at most about 6 months, about 9 months, about 12 months, about 15 months, about 18 months, about 21 months, about 24 months, about 30 months, or about 36 months.

In some embodiments, a microorganism incorporated into a seed is stable after incorporation. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than 30 days, for greater than six months, greater than one year, or greater than two years. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than 30 days. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than six months. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than one year. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than two years

The microorganism or exudate thereof incorporated into plant seeds may be any of the microorganisms provided herein, or any other microorganism. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microbe. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming microbe. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming microbe or an endospore thereof. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of a microorganism provided herein. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming bacteria or an endospore thereof.

Methods of Incorporating Bacteria

In one aspect, provided herein, is a method of incorporating one or more microorganisms or exudates thereof into one or more plant seeds. In some embodiments, the method comprises disinfecting the plant seeds. In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the seeds with a solution comprising the one or more microbes or the exudate thereof. In some embodiments, the solution further comprises a salt. In some embodiments, the method comprises incubating the seeds with the solution for a period of time. In some embodiments, the period of time is sufficient to allow a desired amount of microorganisms or exudates thereof into the plant seeds. In some embodiments, the method incorporates a desired amount of microorganisms or exudate thereof into the seeds.

In some embodiments, the method comprises contacting the seeds with a solution comprising a salt. Any salt may be used. In some preferred embodiments, the salt is NaCl. In some embodiments, the salt is NaCl, LiCl, KCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, NaBr, LiBr, KBr, MgBr₂, CaBr₂, NaI, LiI, KI, MgI₂, or CaI₂. In some embodiments, the salt comprises sodium, lithium, or potassium ions. In some embodiments, the salt comprises alkali metal ions. In some embodiments, the salt comprises alkaline earth metal ions. In some embodiments, the salt comprises halide ions. In some embodiments, the salt is an alkali or alkaline earth halide salt. In some embodiments, the salt comprises chloride, bromide, or iodide ions. In some embodiments, the salt is a sulfate, phosphate, carbonate, or nitrate salt.

The salt may be present in the solution at any suitable concentration. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 0.85% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 0.1% to about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 0.1% to about 2.0% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 0.1% to about 0.25%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.75%, about 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.85%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 0.95%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 1.25%, about 0.25% to about 0.5%, about 0.25% to about 0.6%, about 0.25% to about 0.7%, about 0.25% to about 0.75%, about 0.25% to about 0.8%, about 0.25% to about 0.85%, about 0.25% to about 0.9%, about 0.25% to about 0.95%, about 0.25% to about 1%, about 0.25% to about 1.25%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.75%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 0.85%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 0.95%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1.25%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.6% to about 0.75%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 0.85%, about 0.6% to about 0.9%, about 0.6% to about 0.95%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1.25%, about 0.7% to about 0.75%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, about 0.7% to about 0.85%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 0.95%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1.25%, about 0.75% to about 0.8%, about 0.75% to about 0.85%, about 0.75% to about 0.9%, about 0.75% to about 0.95%, about 0.75% to about 1%, about 0.75% to about 1.25%, about 0.8% to about 0.85%, about 0.8% to about 0.9%, about 0.8% to about 0.95%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1.25%, about 0.85% to about 0.9%, about 0.85% to about 0.95%, about 0.85% to about 1%, about 0.85% to about 1.25%, about 0.9% to about 0.95%, about 0.9% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1.25%, about 0.95% to about 1%, about 0.95% to about 1.25%, or about 1% to about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 0.1%, about 0.25%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.75%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%, about 0.95%, about 1%, or about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises at least about 0.1%, about 0.25%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.75%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%, about 0.95%, or about 1% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises at most about 0.25%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.75%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%, about 0.95%, about 1%, or about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 0.85% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises from about 0.8% to about 0.9% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises from about 0.75% to about 0.95% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises from about 0.7% to about 1% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises from about 0.5% to about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises from about 0.5% to about 2% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the solution comprises 0.1-0.2%, 0.2-0.3%, 0.3-0.4%, 0.4-0.5%, 0.5-0.6%, 0.6-0.7%, 0.7-0.8%, 0.8-0.9%, 0.9-1.0%, 1.0-1.1%, 1.1-1.2%, 1.2-1.3%, 1.3-1.4%, or 1.4-1.5% salt (w/v).

In some embodiments, the solution comprises an additional additive. In some embodiments, the solution comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (e.g. Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solution comprises polyethylene glycol monolaurate (e.g. Tween 20), Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solution comprises a Poloxamer. In some embodiments, the solution comprises polyethylene glycol monolaurate (e.g. Tween 20). The additional additive may be present at any concentration. In some embodiments, the additional additive comprises up to about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.125%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.5% or 1% (v/v) of the solution. In some embodiments, the additional additive comprises about 0.01% to about 1% (v/v) of the solution. In some embodiments, the additional additive comprises about 0.1% (v/v) of the solution.

In some embodiments, the solution comprises an additional metal ion. In some embodiments, the solution comprises magnesium, calcium, manganese, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solution comprises magnesium. In some embodiments, the solution comprises calcium. In some embodiments, the solution comprises manganese. In some embodiments, the solution comprises magnesium and calcium. In some embodiments, the solution comprises magnesium and manganese. In some embodiments, the solution comprises calcium and manganese. In some embodiments, the solution comprises magnesium, calcium, and managanese.

In some embodiments, the solution comprises one or more nutrients for the microorganisms. In some embodiments, the solution comprises a bacterial growth media. In some embodiments, the solution comprises lysogeny broth (LB), nutrient broth, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solution comprises lysogeny broth. In some embodiments, the solution comprises nutrient broth.

In some embodiments, the solution comprises a microorganism. In some embodiments, solution comprises from about 10³ to about 10¹⁷ colony forming units (CFU)/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³ to about 10⁴, about 10³ to about 10⁵, about 10³ to about 10⁶, about 10³ to about 10⁷, about 10³ to about 10⁸, about 10³ to about 10⁹, about 10³ to about 10¹⁰, about 10³ to about 10¹², about 10³ to about 10¹⁵, about 10³ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10⁶, about 10⁴ to about 10⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁸, about 10⁴ to about 10⁹, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁴ to about 10¹², about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁶, about 10⁵ to about 10⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁸, about 10⁵ to about 10⁹, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁵ to about 10¹², about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁸, about 10⁶ to about 10⁹, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁶ to about 10¹², about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁷ to about 10⁸, about 10⁷ to about 10⁹, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁷ to about 10¹², about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁸ to about 10⁹, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁸ to about 10¹², about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁹ to about 10¹², about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹², about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁷, or about 10¹⁵ to about 10¹⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at least about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², or about 10¹⁵ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at most about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at least about 10⁶ to 10⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the solution comprises 1×10³ to 1×10⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10⁴ to 1×10⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10⁵ to 1×10⁶ CFU/mL; 1×10⁶ to 1×10⁷ CFU/mL; 1×10⁷ to 1×10⁸ CFU/mL; 1×10⁸ to 1×10⁹ CFU/mL; 1×10⁹ to 1×10¹⁰ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹ CFU/mL; 1×10¹¹ to 1×10¹² CFU/mL; 1×10¹² to 1×10¹³ CFU/mL; 1×10¹³ to 1×10¹⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10¹⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10¹⁶ CFU/mL; or 1×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism.

In some embodiments, the solution comprises a desired amount of microorganism per seed mass. In some embodiments, solution comprises from about 10³ to about 10¹⁷ colony forming units (CFU)/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³ to about 10⁴, about 10³ to about 10⁵, about 10³ to about 10⁶, about 10³ to about 10⁷, about 10³ to about 10⁸, about 10³ to about 10⁹, about 10³ to about 10¹⁰, about 10³ to about 10¹², about 10³ to about 10¹⁵, about 10³ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10⁶, about 10⁴ to about 10⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁸, about 10⁴ to about 10⁹, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁴ to about 10¹², about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁶, about 10⁵ to about 10⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁸, about 10⁵ to about 10⁹, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁵ to about 10¹², about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁸, about 10⁶ to about 10⁹, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁶ to about 10¹², about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁷ to about 10⁸, about 10⁷ to about 10⁹, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁷ to about 10¹², about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁸ to about 10⁹, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁸ to about 10¹², about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁹ to about 10¹², about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹², about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁷, or about 10¹⁵ to about 10¹⁷ CFU/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ CFU/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at least about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², or about 10¹⁵ CFU/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at most about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ CFU/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10¹⁰ CFU/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10⁹ CFU/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10⁸ CFU/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10¹¹ CFU/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10⁵ to about 10⁹ CFU/gram of seed.

In some embodiments, solution comprises from about 10³ to about 10¹⁷ colony cells/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³ to about 10⁴, about 10³ to about 10⁵, about 10³ to about 10⁶, about 10³ to about 10⁷, about 10³ to about 10⁸, about 10³ to about 10⁹, about 10³ to about 10¹⁰, about 10³ to about 10¹², about 10³ to about 10¹⁵, about 10³ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10⁶, about 10⁴ to about 10⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁸, about 10⁴ to about 10⁹, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁴ to about 10¹², about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁶, about 10⁵ to about 10⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁸, about 10⁵ to about 10⁹, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁵ to about 10¹², about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁸, about 10⁶ to about 10⁹, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁶ to about 10¹², about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁷ to about 10⁸, about 10⁷ to about 10⁹, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁷ to about 10¹², about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁸ to about 10⁹, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁸ to about 10¹², about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁹ to about 10¹², about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹², about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁷, or about 10¹⁵ to about 10¹⁷ cells/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ cells/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at least about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², or about 10¹⁵ cells/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at most about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ cells/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10¹⁰ cells/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10⁹ cells/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10⁸ cells/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10¹¹ cells/gram of seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10⁵ to about 10⁹ cells/gram of seed.

In some embodiments, the seeds comprise a desired amount of microorganism per seed. In some embodiments, solution comprises from about 10³ to about 10¹⁷ colony forming units (CFU)/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³ to about 10⁴, about 10³ to about 10⁵, about 10³ to about 10⁶, about 10³ to about 10⁷, about 10³ to about 10⁸, about 10³ to about 10⁹, about 10³ to about 10¹⁰, about 10³ to about 10¹², about 10³ to about 10¹⁵, about 10³ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10⁶, about 10⁴ to about 10⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁸, about 10⁴ to about 10⁹, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁴ to about 10¹², about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁶, about 10⁵ to about 10⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁸, about 10⁵ to about 10⁹, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁵ to about 10¹², about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁸, about 10⁶ to about 10⁹, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁶ to about 10¹², about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁷ to about 10⁸, about 10⁷ to about 10⁹, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁷ to about 10¹², about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁸ to about 10⁹, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁸ to about 10¹², about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁹ to about 10¹², about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹², about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁷, or about 10¹⁵ to about 10¹⁷ CFU/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ CFU/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at least about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², or about 10¹⁵ CFU/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at most about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ CFU/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10¹⁰ CFU/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10⁹ CFU/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10⁸ CFU/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10¹¹ CFU/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10⁵ to about 10⁹ CFU/seed.

In some embodiments, the seeds comprise a desired amount of microorganism per seed. In some embodiments, solution comprises from about 10³ to about 10¹⁷ cells/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³ to about 10⁴, about 10³ to about 10⁵, about 10³ to about 10⁶, about 10³ to about 10⁷, about 10³ to about 10⁸, about 10³ to about 10⁹, about 10³ to about 10¹⁰, about 10³ to about 10¹², about 10³ to about 10¹⁵, about 10³ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10⁶, about 10⁴ to about 10⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁸, about 10⁴ to about 10⁹, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁴ to about 10¹², about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁶, about 10⁵ to about 10⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁸, about 10⁵ to about 10⁹, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁵ to about 10¹², about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁸, about 10⁶ to about 10⁹, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁶ to about 10¹², about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁷ to about 10⁸, about 10⁷ to about 10⁹, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁷ to about 10¹², about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁸ to about 10⁹, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁸ to about 10¹², about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁹ to about 10¹², about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹², about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁷, or about 10¹⁵ to about 10¹⁷ cells/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ cells/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at least about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², or about 10¹⁵ cells/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises at most about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ cells/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10¹⁰ cells/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10⁹ cells/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10⁸ cells/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises less than 10¹¹ cells/seed. In some embodiments, the solution comprises about 10⁵ to about 10⁹ cells/seed

In some embodiments, the microorganism is a bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria is an endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the method comprises inducing endosporulation of the endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the bacteria incorporated into the seed is an endospore. In some embodiments, the solution comprises one or more ingredients to induce endosporulation. In some embodiments, the solution comprises potassium, ferrous sulfate, calcium, magnesium, managanese, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the method comprises sterilizing the seeds. In some embodiments, the method comprises sterilizing the surface of the seeds. Any method of producing a seed with a sterilized surface may be employed. In some embodiments, the seed is sterilized with a bleach solution. In some embodiments, the seeds are sterilized prior to immersing the seeds in the solution containing the one or more microorganisms. In some embodiments, the seed is a sterilized seed. In some embodiments, the seed has a sterilized surface. As used herein, “sterilizing,” “sterilized” and related terms (e.g. “disinfecting” and the like) indicates that there are substantially no microorganisms alive on the sterilized item. In some embodiments, the seed is sterilized prior to incubating the seed in the solution comprising the microorganism. In some embodiments, the seed is sterilized after incubating the seed in the solution comprising the microorganism. In some embodiments, a fungicide is added to the surface of the seed.

In some embodiments, the sterilized or disinfected seeds comprise substantially no living microorganisms on the seed (e.g. the surface of the seed). In some embodiments, the sterile or sterilized seed comprises less than 1 CFU, less than 5 CFU, less than 10 CFU, less than 20 CFU, less than 30 CFU, less than 40 CFU, or less than 50 CFU of microorganisms on the seed.

In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism for a time sufficient to incorporate the microorganism into the seed. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 1 minute to about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, about 1 minute to about 10 minutes, about 1 minute to about 20 minutes, about 1 minute to about 60 minutes, about 1 minute to about 240 minutes, about 1 minute to about 960 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 240 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 960 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 240 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 960 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 240 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 960 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 240 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 960 minutes, or about 240 minutes to about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for at least about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 60 minutes, or about 240 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for at most about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 1 minute. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 60 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 240 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof for about 960 minutes.

In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 1 minute to about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 1 minute to about 5 minutes, about 1 minute to about 10 minutes, about 1 minute to about 20 minutes, about 1 minute to about 60 minutes, about 1 minute to about 240 minutes, about 1 minute to about 960 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 10 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 240 minutes, about 5 minutes to about 960 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 20 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 240 minutes, about 10 minutes to about 960 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 60 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 240 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 960 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 240 minutes, about 60 minutes to about 960 minutes, or about 240 minutes to about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for at least about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 60 minutes, or about 240 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for at most about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 1 minute. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 60 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 240 minutes. In some embodiments, the plant seeds are incubated with the solution containing the microorganism or exudate thereof for about 960 minutes.

In some embodiments, the seeds are incubated with the solution at a desired temperature. In some embodiments, the seeds are incubated with the solution at a temperature of about 2 to about 40° C. In some embodiments, the seeds are incubated with the solution at a temperature of about 2 to about 4, about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 12, about 2 to about 16, about 2 to about 25, about 2 to about 30, about 2 to about 35, about 2 to about 40, about 4 to about 8, about 4 to about 12, about 4 to about 16, about 4 to about 25, about 4 to about 30, about 4 to about 35, about 4 to about 40, about 8 to about 12, about 8 to about 16, about 8 to about 25, about 8 to about 30, about 8 to about 35, about 8 to about 40, about 12 to about 16, about 12 to about 25, about 12 to about 30, about 12 to about 35, about 12 to about 40, about 16 to about 25, about 16 to about 30, about 16 to about 35, about 16 to about 40, about 25 to about 30, about 25 to about 35, about 25 to about 40, about 30 to about 35, about 30 to about 40, or about 35 to about 40° C. In some embodiments, the seeds are incubated with the solution at a temperature of about 2, about 4, about 8, about 12, about 16, about 25, about 30, about 35, or about 40° C. In some embodiments, the seeds are incubated with the solution at a temperature of at least about 2, about 4, about 8, about 12, about 16, about 25, about 30, or about 35° C. In some embodiments, the seeds are incubated with the solution at a temperature of at most about 4, about 8, about 12, about 16, about 25, about 30, about 35, or about 40° C.

In some embodiments, the method comprises drying seeds. In some embodiments, the seeds are dried to about 10% of total seed moisture. In some embodiments, the seeds are dried to about 5% to about 25% of total seed moisture. In some embodiments, the seeds are dried to about 5% to about 8%, about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 12%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 8% to about 10%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 15%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 25%, about 10% to about 12%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 12% to about 15%, about 12% to about 20%, about 12% to about 25%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, or about 20% to about 25% of total seed moisture. In some embodiments, the seeds are dried to about 5%, about 8%, about 10%, about 12%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 25% of total seed moisture. In some embodiments, the seeds are dried to at least about 5%, about 8%, about 10%, about 12%, about 15%, or about 20% of total seed moisture. In some embodiments, the seeds are dried to at most about 8%, about 10%, about 12%, about 15%, about 20%, or about 25% of total seed moisture. In some embodiments, the seeds are dried to prevent germination of the seeds. In some embodiments, the seeds are dried to prevent germination prior to planting the seeds.

Formulations for Incorporating Microorganisms

In one aspect, provided herein, is a formulation for incorporating microorganisms, endospores, or exudates thereof into a seed. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more microorganisms or endospores thereof and a salt. The one or more microorganisms can be any of the microorganisms provided herein or endospores thereof. In some embodiments, the one or more microorganisms comprises one or more endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises an exudate of a microorganism. The exudate can be from any of the microorganisms provided herein.

In some embodiments, the formulation is a solution. In some embodiments, the formulation is an aqueous solution.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a salt. The salt may be present in the formulation at any suitable concentration. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 0.85% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 0.1% to about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 0.1% to about 2.0% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 0.1% to about 0.25%, about 0.1% to about 0.5%, about 0.1% to about 0.6%, about 0.1% to about 0.7%, about 0.1% to about 0.75%, about 0.1% to about 0.8%, about 0.1% to about 0.85%, about 0.1% to about 0.9%, about 0.1% to about 0.95%, about 0.1% to about 1%, about 0.1% to about 1.25%, about 0.25% to about 0.5%, about 0.25% to about 0.6%, about 0.25% to about 0.7%, about 0.25% to about 0.75%, about 0.25% to about 0.8%, about 0.25% to about 0.85%, about 0.25% to about 0.9%, about 0.25% to about 0.95%, about 0.25% to about 1%, about 0.25% to about 1.25%, about 0.5% to about 0.6%, about 0.5% to about 0.7%, about 0.5% to about 0.75%, about 0.5% to about 0.8%, about 0.5% to about 0.85%, about 0.5% to about 0.9%, about 0.5% to about 0.95%, about 0.5% to about 1%, about 0.5% to about 1.25%, about 0.6% to about 0.7%, about 0.6% to about 0.75%, about 0.6% to about 0.8%, about 0.6% to about 0.85%, about 0.6% to about 0.9%, about 0.6% to about 0.95%, about 0.6% to about 1%, about 0.6% to about 1.25%, about 0.7% to about 0.75%, about 0.7% to about 0.8%, about 0.7% to about 0.85%, about 0.7% to about 0.9%, about 0.7% to about 0.95%, about 0.7% to about 1%, about 0.7% to about 1.25%, about 0.75% to about 0.8%, about 0.75% to about 0.85%, about 0.75% to about 0.9%, about 0.75% to about 0.95%, about 0.75% to about 1%, about 0.75% to about 1.25%, about 0.8% to about 0.85%, about 0.8% to about 0.9%, about 0.8% to about 0.95%, about 0.8% to about 1%, about 0.8% to about 1.25%, about 0.85% to about 0.9%, about 0.85% to about 0.95%, about 0.85% to about 1%, about 0.85% to about 1.25%, about 0.9% to about 0.95%, about 0.9% to about 1%, about 0.9% to about 1.25%, about 0.95% to about 1%, about 0.95% to about 1.25%, or about 1% to about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 0.1%, about 0.25%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.75%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%, about 0.95%, about 1%, or about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least about 0.1%, about 0.25%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.75%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%, about 0.95%, or about 1% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at most about 0.25%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.75%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%, about 0.95%, about 1%, or about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 0.85% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 0.8% to about 0.9% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 0.75% to about 0.95% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 0.7% to about 1% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 0.5% to about 1.25% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises from about 0.5% to about 2% salt (w/v). In some embodiments, the formulation comprises 0.1-0.2%, 0.2-0.3%, 0.3-0.4%, 0.4-0.5%, 0.5-0.6%, 0.6-0.7%, 0.7-0.8%, 0.8-0.9%, 0.9-1.0%, 1.0-1.1%, 1.1-1.2%, 1.2-1.3%, 1.3-1.4%, or 1.4-1.5% salt (w/v).

Any salt may be used. In some preferred embodiments, the salt is NaCl. In some embodiments, the salt is NaCl, LiCl, KCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, NaBr, LiBr, KBr, MgBr₂, CaBr₂, NaI, LiI, KI, MgI₂, or CaI₂. In some embodiments, the salt comprises sodium, lithium, or potassium ions. In some embodiments, the salt comprises alkali metal ions. In some embodiments, the salt comprises alkaline earth metal ions. In some embodiments, the salt comprises halide ions. In some embodiments, the salt is an alkali or alkaline earth halide salt. In some embodiments, the salt comprises chloride, bromide, or iodide ions. In some embodiments, the salt is a sulfate, phosphate, carbonate, or nitrate salt.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises an additional additive. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (e.g. Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises polyethylene glycol monolaurate (e.g. Tween 20), Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a Poloxamer. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises polyethylene glycol monolaurate (e.g. Tween 20). The additional additive may be present at any concentration. In some embodiments, the additional additive comprises up to about 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.125%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.5% or 1% (v/v) of the formulation. In some embodiments, the additional additive comprises about 0.01% to about 1% (v/v) of the formulation. In some embodiments, the additional additive comprises about 0.1% (v/v) of the formulation.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises an additional metal ion. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium, calcium, managanese, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises calcium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises manganese. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium and calcium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium and manganese. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises calcium and manganese. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium, calcium, and managanese.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises one or more nutrients for the microorganisms. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a bacterial growth media. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises lysogeny broth (LB), nutrient broth, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises lysogeny broth. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises nutrient broth.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises additional ingredient for promoting endosporulation of the one or more microorganisms. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises the formulation comprises potassium, ferrous sulfate, calcium, magnesium, managanese, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises potassium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises ferrous sulfate. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises calcium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises magnesium. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises manganese.

In some embodiments, the formulation comprises a microorganism. In some embodiments, formulation comprises from about 10³ to about 10¹⁷ colony forming units (CFU)/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least 1×10⁶ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 10³ to about 10⁴, about 10³ to about 10⁵, about 10³ to about 10⁶, about 10³ to about 10⁷, about 10³ to about 10⁸, about 10³ to about 10⁹, about 10³ to about 10¹⁰, about 10³ to about 10¹², about 10³ to about 10¹⁵, about 10³ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10⁶, about 10⁴ to about 10⁷, about 10⁴ to about 10⁸, about 10⁴ to about 10⁹, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁴ to about 10¹², about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁴ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁶, about 10⁵ to about 10⁷, about 10⁵ to about 10⁸, about 10⁵ to about 10⁹, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁵ to about 10¹², about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁵ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁷, about 10⁶ to about 10⁸, about 10⁶ to about 10⁹, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁶ to about 10¹², about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁶ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁷ to about 10⁸, about 10⁷ to about 10⁹, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁷ to about 10¹², about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁷ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁸ to about 10⁹, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁸ to about 10¹², about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁸ to about 10¹⁷, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁰, about 10⁹ to about 10¹², about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁵, about 10⁹ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹², about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹⁰ to about 10¹⁷, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁵, about 10¹² to about 10¹⁷, or about 10¹⁵ to about 10¹⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least about 10³, about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², or about 10¹⁵ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at most about 10⁴, about 10⁵, about 10⁶, about 10⁷, about 10⁸, about 10⁹, about 10¹⁰, about 10¹², about 10¹⁵, or about 10¹⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises at least about 10⁶ to 10⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism. In some embodiments, the formulation comprises 1×10³ to 1×10⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10⁴ to 1×10⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10⁵ to 1×10⁶ CFU/mL; 1×10⁶ to 1×10⁷ CFU/mL; 1×10⁷ to 1×10⁸ CFU/mL; 1×10⁸ to 1×10⁹ CFU/mL; 1×10⁹ to 1×10¹⁰ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹ CFU/mL; 1×10¹¹ to 1×10¹² CFU/mL; 1×10¹² to 1×10¹³ CFU/mL; 1×10¹³ to 1×10¹⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10¹⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10¹⁶ CFU/mL; or 1×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL of the microorganism. The microorganism can be any of the microorganisms provided herein or an endospore of any of the microorganisms provided herein.

In some embodiments, the formulation is maintained at a desired temperature. In some embodiments, the formulation is maintained at a temperature of about 2 to about 40° C. In some embodiments, the formulation is maintained at a temperature of about 2 to about 4, about 2 to about 8, about 2 to about 12, about 2 to about 16, about 2 to about 25, about 2 to about 30, about 2 to about 35, about 2 to about 40, about 4 to about 8, about 4 to about 12, about 4 to about 16, about 4 to about 25, about 4 to about 30, about 4 to about 35, about 4 to about 40, about 8 to about 12, about 8 to about 16, about 8 to about 25, about 8 to about 30, about 8 to about 35, about 8 to about 40, about 12 to about 16, about 12 to about 25, about 12 to about 30, about 12 to about 35, about 12 to about 40, about 16 to about 25, about 16 to about 30, about 16 to about 35, about 16 to about 40, about 25 to about 30, about 25 to about 35, about 25 to about 40, about 30 to about 35, about 30 to about 40, or about 35 to about 40° C. In some embodiments, the formulation is maintained at a temperature of about 2, about 4, about 8, about 12, about 16, about 25, about 30, about 35, or about 40° C. In some embodiments, the formulation is maintained at a temperature are of at least about 2, about 4, about 8, about 12, about 16, about 25, about 30, or about 35° C. In some embodiments, the formulation is maintained at a temperature of at most about 4, about 8, about 12, about 16, about 25, about 30, about 35, or about 40° C.

Microorganisms and Exudates

The microorganisms or exudates thereof provided herein are capable of imparting a plant growth promoting effect when incorporated into a plant seed. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of a bacteria. Whenever a microorganism (e.g. a bacteria) referenced herein is capable of forming an endospore, it is intended that any endospore of the microorganism is also encompassed. For example, if a plant seed treatment formulation comprises a Bacillus sp., the formulation may comprise endospores of the Bacillus sp.

In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microbe from the phyla of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microbe from the phylum Firmicutes. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microbe from the phylum Proteobacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microbe from the phylum Actinobacteria. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microbe selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terri bacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a microbe selected from Acetobacter sp., Actinomyces sp., Bacillus sp., Chryseobacterium sp., Coxiella sp., Ensifer sp., Glutamicibacter sp., Microbacterium sp., or Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an Acetobacter sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an Actinomyces sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Chryseobacterium sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Coxiella sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an Ensifer sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Glutamicibacter sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Microbacterium sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Pantoea sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is a Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises an Acetobacter cerevisiae, Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium lactis, Ensifer adhaerens, Glutamicibacter arilaitensis, Glutamicibacter halophytocola, Microbacterium chocolatum, Microbacterium yannicii, Pantoea allii, Serratia marcescens, or Serratia ureilytica. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises an Acetobacter cerevisiae, Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium lactis, Ensifer adhaerens, Glutamicibacter halophytocola, Microbacterium chocolatum, Pantoea allii, or Serratia marcescens. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Acetobacter cerevisiae. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus cucumis. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus endophyticus. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Chryseobacterium lactis. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Ensifer adhaerens. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Glutamicibacter halophytocola. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Microbacterium chocolatum. In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Pantoea In some embodiments, the microorganism comprises Serratia marcescens. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore forming bacteria. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria is from the genus Bacillus. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria is a Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus cucumis. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus nakamurai. In some embodiments, the endospore forming bacteria comprises Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, the microorganism is an endospore. In some embodiments, the endospore is from the genus Bacillus. In some embodiments, the endospore is a Bacillus sp. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus cucumis. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus nakamurai. In some embodiments, the endospore comprises Bacillus subtilis.

In some embodiments, a consortium of microorganisms is incorporated into the seed. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two or more bacterium selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terri bacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two or more bacterium selected from selected from Acetobacter sp., Actinomyces sp., Bacillus sp., Chryseobacterium sp., Coxiella sp., Ensifer sp., Glutamicibacter sp., Microbacterium sp., or Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, or more bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises three bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises four bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises five bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises six bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises endospores of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, the consortium comprises a bacteria from the phylum Bacillus and one or more bacteria. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises a bacteria from the phylum Bacillus and one or more bacteria selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two or more bacterium selected from selected from Acetobacter sp., Actinomyces sp., Bacillus sp., Chryseobacterium sp., Coxiella sp., Ensifer sp., Glutamicibacter sp., Microbacterium sp., and Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises endospores of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, the consortium comprises a mixture of two or more bacteria selected from Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium lactis, Ensifer adhaerens, Glutamicibacter arilaitensis, Glutamicibacter halophytocola, Microbacterium chocolatum, Microbacterium yannicii, Pantoea allii, Serratia marcescens, and Serratia ureilytica. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises a mixture of two or more bacteria selected from Acetobacter cerevisiae, Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium lactis, Ensifer adhaerens, Glutamicibacter halophytocola, Microbacterium chocolatum, Pantoea allii, and Serratia marcescens. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises a mixture of two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten bacteria. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises three bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises four bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises five bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises six bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises endospores of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two or more bacteria selected from Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, and Ensifer adhaerens. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises three bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises four bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises five bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises six bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises seven bacterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises endospores of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two or more bacteria selected from Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two bacteria selected from Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two bacteria selected from Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises three bacteria selected from Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises a mixture of Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises a mixture of Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises endospores of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, the consortium comprises two or more bacteria selected from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cucumis, and Ensifer adhaerens. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus cucumis. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus cucumis. In some embodiments, the consortium comprises endospores of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, an exudate from any of the microorganisms provided herein is incorporated into the cell. In some embodiments, the exudate is from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terri bacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. or Vulcanobacillus sp. In some embodiments, the exudate is from Acetobacter sp., Actinomyces sp., Bacillus sp., Chryseobacterium sp., Coxiella sp., Ensifer sp., Glutamicibacter sp., Microbacterium sp., and Serratia sp. In some embodiments, the exudate is from Acetobacter cerevisiae, Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, Bacillus subtilis, Chryseobacterium lactis, Ensifer adhaerens, Glutamicibacter arilaitensis, Glutamicibacter halophytocola, Microbacterium chocolatum, Microbacterium yannicii, Pantoea allii, Serratia marcescens, or Serratia ureilytica. In some embodiments, the exudate is from Bacillus cucumis, Bacillus endophyticus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus nakamurai, or Bacillus subtilis. In some embodiments, the exudate is from endospores of any of the microorganisms.

In some embodiments, a microorganism provided herein comprises genes coding for one or more compounds that trigger plant development. In some embodiments, the compounds trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). In some embodiments, the compounds trigger Induces Systemic Resistance (ISR). In some embodiments, a microorganism comprises genes associated with nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilization, or phytohormone synthesis, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a microorganism comprises genes associated with nitrogen fixing. In some embodiments, a microorganism comprises genes associated with phosphate solubilization. In some embodiments, a microorganism comprises genes associated with phytohormone synthesis.

In some embodiments, a microorganism is selected for one or more properties associated with the microorganism's ability to interact with the plant. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for compatibility. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected to ensure no predatory or antagonistic effects will develop. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for stability during storage. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for rapid plant colonization and survival within associated tissues. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for stimulation of global, long-lasting physiological responses in a plant. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for accelerating the life cycle of the plant. In some embodiments, the microorganism is selected for optimal incorporation into the one or more seeds. In some embodiments, the microorganism remains present throughout the plant life cycle.

In some embodiments, a microorganism incorporated into a seed is stable after incorporation. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than 30 days, for greater than six months, greater than one year, or greater than two years. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than 30 days. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than six months. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than one year. In some embodiments, the microorganism is stable for greater than two years.

Whenever the term “at least,” “greater than,” or “greater than or equal to” precedes the first numerical value in a series of two or more numerical values, the term “at least,” “greater than” or “greater than or equal to” applies to each of the numerical values in that series of numerical values. For example, greater than or equal to 1, 2, or 3 is equivalent to greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to 3.

Whenever the term “no more than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” precedes the first numerical value in a series of two or more numerical values, the term “no more than,” “less than,” or “less than or equal to” applies to each of the numerical values in that series of numerical values. For example, less than or equal to 3, 2, or 1 is equivalent to less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, or less than or equal to 1.

NUMBERED EMBODIMENTS

1. An engineered seed comprising: (i) a seed coat and an embryo having an interspace therebetween; and (ii) one or more microbes disposed in the interspace. 2. An engineered seed comprising: (i) a seed pericarp and a seed aleurone cell layer having an interspace therebetween; and (ii) one or more microbes disposed in the interspace. 3. An engineered seed comprising: (i) a seed pericarp and a seed aleurone cell layer; and (ii) one or more microbes disposed between the seed pericarp and seed aleurone cell layer. 4. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes are selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect. 5. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is a monocot seed. 6. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is selected from a maize, rice, wheat, and sorghum seed. 7. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is a maize seed. 8. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is a Zea maize seed. 9. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is a dicot seed. 10. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is selected from a soybean, cotton, alfalfa, bean, quinoa, lentil, peanut, lettuce, tomato, and cabbage seed. 11. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is a lettuce seed or a tomato seed. 12. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is a Lactuca sativa seed or a Solanum lycopersicum seed. 13. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is a GMO seed. 14. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the seed is a non-GMO seed. 15. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a mixture of Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. 16. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a mixture of Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. 17. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a mixture of Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus nakamurai, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus cucumis. 18. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Microbacterium yannicii or Microbacterium chocolatum. 19. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Serratia ureilytica or Serratia marcescens. 20. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise Glutamicibacter arilaitensis or Glutamicibacter halophytocola. 21. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise Ensifer adhaerens, Pantoea allii, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus cucumis. 22. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise endospore forming microbes. 23. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a Bacillus sp. 24. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. 25. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Firmicutes. 26. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp. 27. The engineered seed of any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Proteobacteria. 28. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Actinomyces sp. 29. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Actinobacteria. 30. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Coxiella sp. 31. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes form endospores after being disposed in the seed. 32. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a Bacillus sp. 33. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise endospores. 34. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 35. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91% or 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 36. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 37. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 38. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 39. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 40. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise genes coding for one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). 41. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise genes coding for one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). 42. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise genes coding for one or more compounds that trigger plant development. 43. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise genes associated with nitrogen fixing. 44. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise genes associated with phosphate solubilization. 45. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more microbes comprise genes associated with phytohormone synthesis. 46. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising a microbial exudate. 47. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). 48. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). 49. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger plant development. 50. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 51. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99%, 98%, 97%, 96%, 95%, 94%, 93%, 92%, 91% or 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 52. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 53. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 54. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 55. The engineered seed of any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221.

56. A method of treating one or more plant seeds, the method comprising: immersing the one or more seeds into a formulation, the formulation comprising a salt and one or more microbes selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect; and incubating the one or more seeds in the formulation for a period of time sufficient to incorporate the one or more microbes into the seed.

57. A method of treating one or more plant seeds, the method comprising: (i) immersing the one or more seeds into a formulation, the formulation comprising a salt and one or more microbes selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect; and (ii) incubating the one or more seeds in the formulation to incorporate the bacteria between a seed pericarp and an aleurone cell layer. 58. The method of embodiment 57, wherein the one or more plant seeds remains in the dormant stage after treatment. 59. The method of embodiment 57 or 58, wherein the one or more plant seeds remains in the dormant stage after treatment. 60. The method of any one of embodiments 57-59, wherein the one or more microbes are incorporated inside a seed pericarp. 61. The method of any one of embodiments 57-60, wherein the one or more microbes are incorporated between a seed pericarp and aleurone cell layer. 62. The method of any one of embodiments 57-61, further comprising the step of removing the one or more seeds from the formulation. 63. The method of any one of embodiments 57-62, further comprising the step of sterilizing completely one or more seeds prior to immersing the one or more seeds in the formulation. 64. The method of any one of embodiments 57-63, further comprising the step of drying the one or more seeds. 65. The method of any one of embodiments 57-64, wherein the one or more seeds is/are dried to about 10% of total seed moisture. 66. The method of any one of embodiments 57-65, further comprising the step of drying the one or more seeds to prevent germination. 67. The method of any one of embodiments 57-66, further comprising the step of sterilizing the surface of the one or more seeds prior to immersing the one or more seeds in the formulation. 68. The method of any one of embodiments 57-67, further comprising the step of sterilizing the surface of the one or more seeds after immersing the one or more seeds in the formulation. 69. The method of any of embodiments 57-68, further comprising the step of adding a fungicide to the surface of the seed. 70. The method of any one of embodiments 57-69 wherein the one or more seeds comprise a monocot seed. 71. The method of any one of embodiments 57-70, wherein the seed is selected from a maize, a wheat, a rice, a barley, a rye, a sugar cane, a millet, an oat, and a sorghum seed. 72. The method of any one of embodiments 57-71, wherein the seed is a maize seed. 73. The method of any one of embodiments 57-72, wherein the seed is a Zea mays seed. 74. The method of any one of embodiments 57-73, wherein the seed is a dicot seed. 75. The method of any one of embodiments 57-74 wherein the seed is selected from a soybean, cotton, alfalfa, bean, quinoa, lentil, peanut, lettuce, tomato, and cabbage seed. 76. The method of any one of embodiments 57-75, wherein the seed is a lettuce seed or a tomato seed. 77. The method of any one of embodiments 57-76, wherein the seed is a Lactuca sativa seed or a Solanum lycopersicum seed. 78. The method of any one of embodiments 57-77, wherein the seed is a GMO seed. 79. The method of any one of embodiments 57-78, wherein the seed is a non-GMO seed. 80. The method of any one of embodiments 57-79, wherein the formulation is an aqueous formulation. 81. The method of any one of embodiments 57-80, wherein the formulation further comprises Poloxamer 188. 82. The method of any one of embodiments 57-81, wherein the formulation further comprises Poloxamer 188 at a concentration of 0.1%. 83. The method of any one of embodiments 57-82, wherein the formulation further comprises Tween 20. 84. The method of any one of embodiments 57-83 wherein the formulation further comprises one or more agent selected from the group of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, and Poloxamer 407. 85. The method of any one of embodiments 57-84, wherein the formulation further comprises one or more ingredients that promote endosporulation of the one or more bacteria. 86. The method of any one of embodiments 57-85, wherein the formulation comprises potassium, ferrous sulfate, calcium, magnesium, managanese, or a combination thereof 87. The method of any one of embodiments 57-86, wherein the formulation further comprises manganese. 88. The method of any one of embodiments 57-87, wherein the formulation comprises calcium, magnesium, and manganese. 89. The method of any one of embodiments 57-88, wherein the formulation further comprises nutrients for the one or more microbes. 90. The method of any one of embodiments 57-89, wherein the formulation is at room temperature. 91. The method of any one of embodiments 57-90, wherein the formulation is at a temperature of about 4° C., 10° C., 15° C., 20° C., or 30° C. 92. The method of any one of embodiments 57-91, wherein the formulation is at a temperature of between about 4° C. and 20° C. or between about 30° C. and 40° C. 93. The method of any one of embodiments 57-92, wherein the formulation temperature is between about 20° C. and 24° C. 94. The method of any one of embodiments 57-93, wherein the formulation is at a temperature of about 40° C. 95. The method of any one of embodiments 57-94, wherein the salt comprises sodium chloride. 96. The method of any one of embodiments 57-95, wherein the salt is at a concentration of 0.1-0.2%, 0.2-0.3%, 0.3-0.4%, 0.4-0.5%, 0.5-0.6%, 0.6-0.7%, 0.7-0.8%, 0.8-0.9%, 0.9-1.0%, 1.0-1.1%, 1.1-1.2%, 1.2-1.3%, 1.3-1.4%, or 1.4-1.5%. 97. The method of any one of embodiments 57-96, wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 0.85%. 98. The method of any one of embodiments 57-97, wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25% or less. 99. The method of any one of embodiments 57-98, wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25%. 100. The method of any one of embodiments 57-99, wherein the one or more microbes is/are selected from Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. 101. The method of any one of embodiments 57-100, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. 102. The method of any one of embodiments 57-101, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. 103. The method of any one of embodiments 57-102, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus nakamurai or Bacillus subtilis. 104. The method of any one of embodiments 57-103, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Microbacterium yannicii or Microbacterium chocolatum. 105. The method of any one of embodiments 57-104, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Serratia ureilytica or Serratia marcescens. 106. The method of any one of embodiments 57-105, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Glutamicibacter arilaitensis or Glutamicibacter halophytocola. 107. The method of any one of embodiments 57-106, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens, Pantoea allii, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus cucumis. 108. The method of any one of embodiments 57-107, wherein the one or more microbes comprise endospore forming microbes. 109. The method of any one of embodiments 57-108, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a Bacillus sp. 110. The method of any one of embodiments 57-109, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. 111. The method of any one of embodiments 57-110, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Firmicutes. 112. The method of any one of embodiments 57-111, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammomphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp. 113. The method of any of embodiments 57-112, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Proteobacteria. 114. The method of any one of embodiments 57-113, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Actinomyces sp. 115. The method of any one of embodiments 57-114, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Actinobacteria. 116. The method of any one of embodiments 57-115, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Coxiella sp. 117. The method of any one of embodiments 57-116, wherein the one or more microbes form endospores after being incorporated into the seed. 118. The method of any one of embodiments 57-117, wherein the one or more microbes comprise endospores. 119. The method of any one of embodiments 57-118, wherein the one or more microbes comprise Bacillus endospores. 120. The method of any one of embodiments 57-119, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 121. The method of any one of embodiments 57-120, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 122. The method of any one of embodiments 57-121, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 123. The method of any one of embodiments 57-122, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 124. The method of any one of embodiments 57-123, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 125. The method of any one of embodiments 57-124, wherein the formulation further comprises a microbial exudate. 126. The method of any one of embodiments 57-125, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). 127. The method of any one of embodiments 57-126, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). 128. The method of any one of embodiments 57-127, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger plant development. 129. The method of any one of embodiments 57-128, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 130. The method of any one of embodiments 57-129, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 131. The method of any one of embodiments 57-130, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 132. The method of any one of embodiments 57-131, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 133. The method of any one of embodiments 57-132, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 134. The method of any one of embodiments 57-133, wherein the concentration of the one or more microbes in the formulation is in the range of about 1×10⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL. 135. The method of any one of embodiments 57-134, wherein the concentration of the one or more microbes in the formulation is: 1×10³ to 1×10⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10⁴ to 1×10⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10⁵ to 1×10⁶ CFU/mL; 1×10⁶ to 1×10⁷ CFU/mL; 1×10⁷ to 1×10⁸ CFU/mL; 1×10⁸ to 1×10⁹ CFU/mL; 1×10⁹ to 1×10¹⁰ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹ CFU/mL; 1×10¹¹ to 1×10¹² CFU/mL; 1×10¹² to 1×10¹³ CFU/mL; 1×10¹³ to 1×10¹⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10¹⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10¹⁶ CFU/mL; or 1×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL. 136. The method of any one of embodiments 57-135, wherein the amount of the one or more microbes present in the formulation is less than 10¹⁰ CFU per gram of seed. 137. The method of any one of embodiments 57-136, wherein the amount of the one or more microbes present in the formulation is about 10⁵ to 10⁹ cells per gram of seed. 138. The method of any one of embodiments 57-137, wherein the one or more microbes are selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect. 139. The method of any one of embodiments 57-138, wherein the plant growth promoting effect of the one or more microbes is selected from one or more of the group comprising cell osmoregulation, ionic homeostasis, antioxidant defense, heat stress tolerance, and/or maintenance of photosynthetic capacity. 140. The method of any one of embodiments 57-139, wherein the one or more microbes are selected for compatibility. 141. The method of any one of embodiments 57-140, wherein the one or more microbes are selected to ensure no predatory or antagonistic effects will develop. 142. The method of any one of embodiments 57-141, wherein the one or more microbes is/are also selected for stability during storage. 143. The method of any one of embodiments 57-142, wherein the one or more microbes is/are also selected for rapid plant colonization and survival within associated tissues. 144. The method of any one of embodiments 57-143, wherein the one or more microbes is/are also selected for stimulation of global, long-lasting physiological responses in a plant. 145. The method of any one of embodiments 57-144, wherein the one or more microbes is/are also selected for accelerate the life cycle of the plant. 146. The method of any one of embodiments 57-145, wherein the one or more microbes is selected for optimal incorporation into the one or more seeds. 147. The method of any one of embodiments 57-146, wherein at least one of the microbes remains present throughout the plant life cycle. 148. The method of any one of embodiments 57-147, wherein the incubation time is less than one minute. 149. The method of any one of embodiments 57-148, wherein the incubation time is about one minute. 150. The method of any one of embodiments 57-149, wherein the incubation time is less than 10 minutes. 151. The method of any one of embodiments 57-150, wherein the incubation time is less than 5 minutes. 152. The method of any one of embodiments 57-151, wherein the incubation time is less than 20 minutes. 153. The method of any one of embodiments 57-152, wherein the incubation time is less than 4 hours or less than 16 hours. 154. The method of any one of embodiments 57-153, wherein the incubation time is less than several days. 155. The method of any one of embodiments 57-154, wherein the incubation time is less than 12 hours. 156. The method of any one of embodiments 57-155, wherein greater than 1×10⁶ bacterial cells are incorporated into each of the one or more seeds. 157. The method of any one of embodiments 57-156, wherein between 1×10⁵ and 1×10⁸ bacterial cells are incorporated into each of the one or more seeds. 158. The method of any one of embodiments 57-157, wherein the one or more microbes are incorporated into the one or more seeds stably. 159. The method of any one of embodiments 57-158, wherein the incorporated one or more microbes is/are stable for greater than 30 days. 160. The method of any one of embodiments 57-159, wherein the incorporated one or more microbes is/are stable for greater than six months. 161. The method of any one of embodiments 57-160, wherein the incorporated one or more microbes is/are stable for at least one year. 162. The method of any one of embodiments 57-161, wherein the incorporated one or more microbes is/are stable for at least two years.

163. A plant seed treatment formulation, comprising salt and one or more microbes. 164. The formulation of embodiment 163, wherein the one or more microbes are selected to impart a plant growth promoting effect. 165. The formulation of embodiment 163 or 164, wherein the formulation is an aqueous formulation. 166. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-165, wherein the formulation further comprises Poloxamer 188. 167. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-166, further comprising Poloxamer 188 at a concentration of 0.1%. 168. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-167, further comprising Tween 20. 169. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-168, further comprising one or more agent from the group comprising dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, and Poloxamer 407. 170. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-169, further comprising one or more ingredients that promote endosporulation of the one or more bacteria. 171. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-170, further comprising potassium, ferrous sulfate, calcium, magnesium, managanese, or a combination thereof 172. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-171, further comprising manganese. 173. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-172, further comprising calcium, magnesium, and manganese. 174. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-173, further comprising nutrients for the selected one or more microbes. 175. The medium of any one of embodiments 163-174, wherein the salt comprises sodium chloride. 176. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-175, wherein the salt is at a concentration of 0.1-0.2%, 0.2-0.3%, 0.3-0.4%, 0.4-0.5%, 0.5-0.6%, 0.6-0.7%, 0.7-0.8%, 0.8-0.9%, 0.9-1.0%, 1.0-1.1%, 1.1-1.2%, 1.2-1.3%, 1.3-1.4%, or 1.4-1.5%. 177. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-176, wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 0.85%. 178. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-177, wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25% or less. 179. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-178, wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25%. 180. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-179, wherein the one or more microbes is/are selected from Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. 181. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-180, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Acetobacter cereviseae, Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. 182. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-181, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Chryseobacterium lactis, Bacillus endophyticus, and Bacillus megaterium. 183. The method of any one of embodiments 163-182, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens and Bacillus nakamurai or Bacillus subtilis. 184. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-183, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Microbacterium yannicii or Microbacterium chocolatum. 185. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-184, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Serratioa ureilytica or Serratioa marcescens. 186. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-185, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Glutamicibacter arilaitensis or Glutamicibacter arilaitensis. 187. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-186, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Ensifer adhaerens, Pantoea allii, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus subtilis. 188. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-187, wherein the one or more microbes comprise endospore forming microbes. 189. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-188, wherein the one or more microbes comprises a Bacillus sp. 190. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-189, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. 191. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-190, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Firmicutes. 192. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-191, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp. 193. The formulation of any of embodiments 163-192, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Proteobacteria. 194. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-193, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Actinomyces sp. 195. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-194, wherein the one or more microbes is selected from the phylum Actinobacteria. 196. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-195, wherein the one or more microbes comprises Coxiella sp. 197. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-196, wherein the one or more microbes form endospores after being incorporated into the seed. 198. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-197, wherein the one or more microbes comprise endospores. 199. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-198, wherein the one or more microbes comprise Bacillus endospores. 200. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-199, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 201. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-200, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 202. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-201, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 203. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-202, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 204. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-203, wherein the one or more microbes comprise a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 205. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-204, further comprising a microbial exudate. 206. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-205, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). 207. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-206, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). 208. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-207, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger plant development. 209. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-208, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 210. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-209, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 211. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-210, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 212. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-211, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 213. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-212, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 214. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-213, wherein the concentration of the one or more microbes in the formulation is in the range of about 1×10³ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL. 215. The formulation of any one of embodiments 163-214, wherein the concentration of the one or more microbes in the formulation is: 1×10³ to 1×10⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10⁴ to 1×10⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10⁵ to 1×10⁶ CFU/mL; 1×10⁶ to 1×10⁷ CFU/mL; 1×10⁷ to 1×10⁸ CFU/mL; 1×10⁸ to 1×10⁹ CFU/mL; 1×10⁹ to 1×10¹⁰ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁰ to 1×10¹¹ CFU/mL; 1×10¹¹ to 1×10¹² CFU/mL; 1×10¹² to 1×10¹³ CFU/mL; 1×10¹³ to 1×10¹⁴ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁴ to 1×10¹⁵ CFU/mL; 1×10¹⁵ to 1×10¹⁶ CFU/mL; or 1×10¹⁶ to 1×10¹⁷ CFU/mL.

216. A method of treating one or more plant seeds, the method comprising: (i) immersing the one or more seeds into a formulation, the formulation comprising a salt and one or more microbial exudates selected to produce a plant growth promoting effect; and (ii) incubating the one or more seeds in the formulation for a period of time sufficient to incorporate the one or more microbial exudates into the seed. 217. The method of embodiment 216, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST). 218. The method of embodiment 216 or 217, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR). 219. The method of any one of embodiments 216-218, wherein the microbial exudate contains one or more compounds that trigger plant development. 220. The method of any one of embodiments 216-219, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 221. The method of any one of embodiments 216-220, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 99% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 222. The method of any one of embodiments 216-221, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 98% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 223. The method of any one of embodiments 216-222, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 95% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 224. The method of any one of embodiments 216-223, wherein the microbial exudate is from a microbe comprising a 16S nucleic acid sequence at least 90% identical to that of any of SEQ ID NOs:1-10221. 225. The method of any one of embodiments 216-224, wherein the salt comprises sodium chloride. 226. The method of any one of embodiments 216-225, wherein the salt is at a concentration of 0.1-0.2%, 0.2-0.3%, 0.3-0.4%, 0.4-0.5%, 0.5-0.6%, 0.6-0.7%, 0.7-0.8%, 0.8-0.9%, 0.9-1.0%, 1.0-1.1%, 1.1-1.2%, 1.2-1.3%, 1.3-1.4%, or 1.4-1.5%. 227. The method of any one of embodiments 216-226, wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 0.85%. 228. The method of any one of embodiments 216-227, wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25% or less. 229. The method of any one of embodiments 216-228, wherein the salt is at a concentration of about 1.25%. 230. The method of any one of embodiments 216-229, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from Microbacterium yannicii or Microbacterium chocolatum. 231. The method of any one of embodiments 216-230, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from Serratioa ureilytica or Serratioa marcescens. 232. The method of any one of embodiments 216-231, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from Glutamicibacter arilaitensis or Glutamicibacter halophytocola. 233. The method of any one of embodiments 216-232, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from Ensifer adhaerens. 234. The method of any one of embodiments 216-233, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from Chryseobacterium lactis. 235. The method of any one of embodiments 216-234, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from Acetobacter cerevisiae, Pantoea allii, Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus cucumis. 236. The method of any one of embodiments 216-235, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from a microbe selected from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. 237. The method of any one of embodiments 216-236, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from a microbe selected from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp. and Vulcanobacillus sp. 238. The method of any one of embodiments 216-237, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from a microbe selected from the phylum Proteobacteria. 239. The method of any one of embodiments 216-238, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from Actinomyces sp. 240. The method of any one of embodiments 216-239, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from a microbe selected from the phylum Actinobacteria. 241. The method of any one of embodiments 216-240, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from Coxiella sp. 242. The method of any one of embodiments 216-241, wherein the microbial exudate is derived from a Bacillus sp.

242. A method of incorporating bacteria into a plant seed, the method comprising: a. contacting said plant seed with a solution containing said bacteria, wherein said solution comprises about 0.1% to about 2% of a salt (w/v); and b. incubating said plant seed with said solution thereby incorporating at least 1 colony forming unit (CFU) of said bacteria into said plant seed. 243. The method of embodiment 242, wherein (b) comprises incubating said plant seed with said solution thereby incorporating at least 500 CFU of said bacteria into said plant seed. 244. The method of embodiments 242 or 243, wherein said bacteria comprises endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof 245. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 244, wherein said solution comprises a microbial exudate. 246. The method of embodiment 245, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from said bacteria. 247. The method of embodiment 245, wherein said microbial exudate is not derived from said bacteria. 248. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 247, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, or a combination thereof 249. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 248, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terri bacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof 250. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 249, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Bacillus sp. 251. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 250, wherein said bacteria are incorporated between the seed coat and the embryo of said plant seed. 252. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 251, further comprising, prior to (a), disinfecting said plant seed. 253. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 252, wherein said solution comprises about 0.85% said salt. 254. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 253, wherein said salt comprises NaCl. 255. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 254, wherein said plant seed comprises a maize seed, wheat seed, rice seed, sorghum seed, barley seed, rye seed, sugar cane seed, millet seed, oat seed, soybean seed, cotton seed, alfalfa seed, bean seed, quinoa seed, lentil seed, peanut seed, lettuce seed, tomato seed, pea seed, or a cabbage seed. 256. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 255, wherein said solution further comprises Luria-Bertani (LB) broth. 257. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 256, wherein said solution further comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof 258. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 257, wherein said solution further comprises calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, iron, or a combination thereof 259. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 258, wherein said solution is maintained at a temperature between about 4° C. to about 40° C.; about 20° C. to about 40° C.; or about 10° C. to about 20° C. 260. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 259, wherein said solution is maintained at about 23° C. or about 30° C. 261. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 260, wherein said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute to about 960 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 240 minutes, or about 1 minute to about 20 minutes. 262. The method of any one of embodiments 242 to 261, wherein said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. 263. The method of any one of embodiments 245 to 262, further comprising inducing endosporulation of said endospore forming bacteria.

264. A modified plant seed comprising at least 1 CFU of bacteria incorporated between the seed coat and the embryo of said modified plant seed. 265. The modified plant seed of embodiment 264, wherein said modified plant seed comprises at least 500 CFU or at least 1000 CFU of said bacteria. 266. The modified plant seed of embodiment 264 or 265, wherein said bacteria comprises endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof 267. The modified plant seed of any one of embodiments 264 to 266, wherein said modified plant seed comprises a microbial exudate. 268. The modified plant seed of embodiment 267, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from said bacteria. 269. The modified plant seed of embodiment 267, wherein said microbial exudate is not derived from said bacteria. 270. The modified plant seed of any one of embodiments 264 to 269, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, or a combination thereof 271. The modified plant seed of any one of embodiments 264 to 270, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof 272. The modified plant seed of any one of embodiments 264 to 271, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Bacillus sp. 273. The modified plant seed of any one of embodiments 264 to 272, wherein said modified seed is a maize seed, wheat seed, rice seed, sorghum seed, barley seed, rye seed, sugar cane seed, millet seed, oat seed, soybean seed, cotton seed, alfalfa seed, bean seed, quinoa seed, lentil seed, peanut seed, lettuce seed, tomato seed, pea seed, or cabbage seed. 274. The modified plant seed of any one of embodiments 264 to 273, wherein said plant seed comprises at least 1000 CFU of said microbe.

275. A formulation containing at least 1×10³ CFU/mL of one or more bacteria wherein said formulation comprises about 0.1% to about 2% a salt. 276. The formulation of embodiment 275, comprising 0.85% said salt. 277. The formulation of embodiment 275 or 276, wherein said salt comprises NaCl. 278. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 277, wherein said bacteria comprise endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof 279. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 278, wherein said formulation comprises a microbial exudate. 280. The method of embodiment 279, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from said bacteria. 281. The method of embodiment 279, wherein said microbial exudate is not derived from said bacteria. 282. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 281, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, or Actinobacteria. 283. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 282, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof 284. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 283, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Bacillus sp. 285. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 284, wherein said formulation further comprises LB broth. 286. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 285, wherein said formulation further comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof 287. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 286, wherein said formulation further comprises calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, iron, or a combination thereof 288. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 287, wherein said formulation is maintained at a temperature between about 4° C. to about 40° C.; about 20° C. to about 40° C.; or about 10° C. to about 20° C. 289. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 288, wherein said formulation is maintained at about 23° C. or about 30° C. 290. The formulation of any one of embodiments 275 to 289, wherein said formulation contains at least 5×10⁵ CFU/mL of said bacteria.

291. A method of promoting a plant growth effect in a plant seed, the method comprising: a. contacting said plant seed with a solution containing bacteria, wherein said solution comprises about 0.1% to about 2% of a salt (w/v); and b. incubating said plant seed with said solution thereby incorporating at least 500 colony forming units (CFU) of said bacteria into said plant seed. 292. The method of embodiment 291, further comprising, prior to (a), disinfecting said plant seed. 293. The method of embodiment 291 or 292, wherein said bacteria comprises endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof 294. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 293, wherein said solution comprises a microbial exudate. 295. The method of embodiment 294, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from said bacteria. 296. The method of embodiment 294, wherein said microbial exudate is not derived from said bacteria. 297. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 296, wherein said bacteria are incorporated between the seed coat and the embryo of said modified plant seed. 298. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 297, wherein said solution comprises about 0.85% said salt. 299. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 298, wherein said salt comprises NaCl. 300. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 299, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, or a combination thereof 301. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 300, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Plamfilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof 302. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 301, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Bacillus sp. 303. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 302, wherein said plant seed comprises a maize seed, wheat seed, rice seed, sorghum seed, barley seed, rye seed, sugar cane seed, millet seed, oat seed, soybean seed, cotton seed, alfalfa seed, bean seed, quinoa seed, lentil seed, peanut seed, lettuce seed, tomato seed, pea seed, or a cabbage seed. 304. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 303, wherein said solution further comprises LB broth. 305. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 304, wherein said solution further comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof 306. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 305, wherein said solution further comprises calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, iron, or a combination thereof 307. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 306, wherein said solution is maintained at a temperature between about 4° C. to about 40° C.; about 20° C. to about 40° C.; or about 10° C. to about 20° C. 308. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 307, wherein said solution is maintained at about 23° C. or about 30° C. 309. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 308, wherein said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute to about 960 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 240 minutes, or about 1 minute to about 20 minutes. 310. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 309, wherein said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. 311. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 310, further comprising inducing endosporulation of said endospore forming bacteria. 312. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 311, wherein said plant growth effect comprises yield increase, cell osmoregulation, ionic homeostasis, antioxidant defense, heat stress tolerance, maintenance of photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen fixation, or a combination thereof 313. The method of embodiment 312, wherein said bacteria are selected relative to said plant growth effect.

314. A method of promoting a plant growth effect in a plant seed, the method comprising: a. contacting said plant seed with a solution containing a microbial exudate, wherein said solution comprises about 0.1% to about 2% of a salt (w/v); and b. incubating said plant seed with said solution thereby incorporating said microbial exudate into said plant seed. 315. The method of embodiment 314, further comprising, prior to (a), disinfecting said plant seed. 316. The method of embodiment 314 or 315, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof 317. The method of embodiment 314 or 315, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from non-endospore forming bacteria. 318. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 317, wherein said microbial exudate is incorporated between the seed coat and the embryo of said modified plant seed. 319. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 318, wherein said solution comprises about 0.85% said salt. 320. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 319, wherein said salt comprises NaCl. 321. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 320, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, or a combination thereof 322. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 321, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfurispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof 323. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 322, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from bacteria from Bacillus sp. 324. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 323, wherein said plant seed comprises a maize seed, wheat seed, rice seed, sorghum seed, barley seed, rye seed, sugar cane seed, millet seed, oat seed, soybean seed, cotton seed, alfalfa seed, bean seed, quinoa seed, lentil seed, peanut seed, lettuce seed, tomato seed, pea seed, or a cabbage seed. 325. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 324, wherein said solution further comprises dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan, Poloxamer 188, Poloxamer 237, Poloxamer 338, Poloxamer 407, or a combination thereof 326. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 325, wherein said solution is maintained at a temperature between about 4° C. to about 40° C.; about 20° C. to about 40° C.; or about 10° C. to about 20° C. 327. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 326, wherein said solution is maintained at about 23° C. or about 30° C. 328. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 327, wherein said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute to about 960 minutes, about 20 minutes to about 240 minutes, or about 1 minute to about 20 minutes. 329. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 328, wherein said plant seed is incubated with said solution for about 1 minute, about 5 minutes, about 10 minutes, about 20 minutes, about 240 minutes, or about 960 minutes. 330. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 329, wherein said plant growth effect comprises plant yield increase, cell osmoregulation, ionic homeostasis, antioxidant defense, heat stress tolerance, maintenance of photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen fixation, or a combination thereof 331. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 330, wherein said microbial exudate is selected relative to said plant growth effect. 332. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 331, wherein said plant growth effect comprises nitrogen fixation. 333. The method of any one of embodiments 314 to 331, wherein said plant growth effect comprises plant yield increase.

334. The engineered seed of any one of embodiments 1 to 55, the one or more microbes are selected to improve plant yield.

335. The method of any one of embodiments 57-161, wherein plant growth effect comprises yield increase.

336. The method of any one of embodiments 291 to 312, wherein said plant growth effect comprises yield increase.

EXAMPLES

The methods and compositions of the disclosure are designed to enhance growth, nutritional status, and tolerance to environmental and biotic stresses of an agricultural plant, or an agricultural grass plant, derived from a seed, by treating the seed with plant beneficial microorganisms and/or its exudates and/or its individualized biomolecules, while in the dormant stage. The Microprime™ seed treatment will allow biological priming of the seed embryo. At this stage, bacteria and/or endospores and exudates previously incorporated within the seed are most conveniently positioned to access the plant embryo and stimulate an enduring plant development and/or induce tolerance response in the plant host and at the same time, in the case of using bacteria, advantage is given for successful colonization of the root niche before the root is exposed to the soil microbiota. For example, achieving an effective root niche colonization by nitrogen fixing bacteria will allow efficient delivery of ammonium to the plant.

Definition of the microbial formulation: In order to achieve early conditioning, the disclosure employs seed treatment compositions comprising a synthetic consortium or single isolated bacterial strains or endospores in a suspension medium. Typically, the plant cultivation compositions and methods comprise diverse and environmentally adaptable plant-associated bacteria belonging to a wide variety of bacterial genera, distributed among different taxa within the Proteobacteria phylum α-, β-, γ and δ-Proteobacteria classes), as well as the Phylum Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria. The inventors have isolated and characterized plant growth-promoting bacteria belonging to various genera, usually comprising plant associated microorganisms, within these large taxonomical groups can be applied to seeds, using the method of the present disclosure, in order to improve plant growth and health. Compositions include one, two, three, or several different bacterial strains cultivated separately, and mixed for Microprime™ seed treatment.

Example 1. Seed Treatment to Increase Loading of Non-Endospore-Forming Bacteria, Endospore-Forming Bacteria and/or Bacteria Endospores: The Microprime™ Technology

The concept of loading bacteria and bacteria endospores inside the seed is illustrated in FIG. 1. A process that can be carried out at room temperature and in a short period of time will always be desirable since it will be industrially scalable and more economical as it will use less resources and energy. Several surfactants or agents have been explored in order to streamline the process of incorporation of the microorganisms into the seed at room temperature. Among surfactants that may improve the seed permeability and entering of the desired elements into the seed by themselves or in combination are dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, laurocapram, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), oleic acid, ethanol, methanol, polyethylene glycol (Brij 35, 58, 98), polyethylene glycol monolaurate (Tween 20), Tween 40 (Polyoxyethylenate sorbitol ester), Tween 60, Tween 80 (non-ionic), cetylmethylammonium bromide (CTAB), urea, lecithins (solidified fatty acids derived from soybean), chitosan and different poloxamers (188, 237, 338, 407). Below is a summary table (Table 2) of tests performed with a 0.85% w/v NaCl salt in the medium supplemented with two selected surfactants or agents (Tween 20 and Poloxamer 188). The treatment was carried out at 23° C. for 5 minutes with a strain of Serratia sp., in commercial corn seeds (Dekalb DK630). The concentration of cells in the Microprime™ solution was 6.4×10⁹ CFU/ml.

TABLE 2 CFU/seed Condition 0.85% NaCl Saline solution 7.9.E+05 Saline solution + Tween 20 6.2.E+05 Saline solution + Poloxamer 1.2.E+06

The addition of Poloxamer 188 (0.1% w/v) to the Microprime™ solution increased a 52% the loading of bacteria inside the seed. This effect of a large increase of bacterial cells within the seed (while maintaining during the Microprime™ seed treatment process the parameters of ambient temperature and a short imbibition time) are highly desirable due to its industrial scale implementation.

The results of the same previous test are presented below in table 3, but with a higher concentration of NaCl (1.25% w/v) in the Microprime™ solution, and with a cell concentration of 2.9×10¹² CFU/ml.

TABLE 3 CFU/seed Condition 1.25% NaCl Saline solution 3.9.E+05 Saline solution + Tween 20 7.1.E+05 Saline solution + Poloxamer 6.3.E+05

When comparing both results, it is evident that the effect of both, Tween 20 and Poloxamer 188 continue to help towards the incorporation of more bacterial cells into the seed when compared to the same imbibition media without these surfactants. The efficiency of incorporating the bacterial cells into the seeds decrease dramatically when 1.25% (w/v) NaCl was used.

In order to lower standard deviation and standard error of the number of bacterial cell present inside the treated seeds, we add a nutrient (in the following example the same Luria-Bertani (LB) medium used for growing the bacteria previous to incorporating them into the Microprime™ solution). In table 4 is shown that adding a nutritional source for the bacteria, a decrease in the standard deviation and standard error may be achieve, and by consequence a more homogeneous number of bacterial cells can be achieved inside the seeds.

TABLE 4 Treatments assays (CFU/Seed Average) Assays Standard 1 2 3 Assays Average Deviation Standard Error NaCl 0.85% 1,160,000 183,000 750,000 697,667 490,598 283,247 LB NaCl 0.85% 830,000 718,000 375,000 641,000 237,072 136,873

The lower standard deviation and standard error when the imbibition media is supplemented with a nutritional source for the bacteria may be explained because once bacteria are located inside the seed they can continue proliferating by having access to these nutrients until the nutrients are depleted or until the viable growth conditions for the bacteria are stopped (for example when the seeds are dried).

Among supplements that may improve the conversion of endospore-forming bacteria from its vegetative stage to an endospore are calcium, magnesium, potassium, manganese and ferrous sulfate, by themselves or in combination. In table 5 is reported the number of endospores per milliliter obtained under different media containing minerals and different times of incubation of a Bacillus sp. isolate.

TABLE 5 Treatment Incubation time (h) Incubation medium 24 48 72 LB 22 490 290 LB + Ca 2,650 LB + Mg 8,050 LB + Mn 43,500 1,605,000 8,700,000 LB + Ca + Mg + Mn 165,000 1,830,000,000 5,100,000,000

For an adequate proliferation of the bacteria loaded into the seed, it is necessary to supplement the Microprime™ solution with nutrients of particular compatibility with the selected bacterium, or alternatively, directly add to the Microprime™ solution endospores of the desired bacterium to be incorporated into the seed.

The loading of a desired bacterium, endospore or a bacterial consortium into a dicot or a monocot seed is a complex and nonlinear process. As shown in table 6 and in the case of a monocot seed (maize, Zea mays), the success of loading a desired amount of endospore of a Bacillus sp. isolate with an in planta effect has an inflection point in terms of the initial minimal concentration of endospores in the Microprime™ solution after which the cells can effectively be loaded into the seed.

FIG. 5 shows the loading kinetics into a dicot seed (lettuce, Lactuca sativa) of a synthetic bacterial consortium internally denominated Lascar, composed of four bacterial isolates. This result confirms that the bacterial loading process by a Microprime™ seed treatment does not follow a linear behavior and that there is an initial minimum concentration of Colony Forming Unit (CFU) per milliliter in the Microprime™ solution that must be met to achieve an efficient load of bacteria into the seed. Also, these kinetics curves show that a saturation point exists, and it is near 1.00E+5 CFU per seed. In turn, it can be observed that the loading kinetics and the initial minimum concentration is not generalizable and depends on the bacterium's type.

TABLE 6 Average of CFU/ml CFU/seed 1.00E+08 1.56E+04 1.00E+06 ≤20 1.00E+04 ≤20 1.00E+02 ≤20

The duration of the Microprime™ seed treatment process is key to industrial scaling. Co-culture time was evaluated using vegetative cells and endospores of two different bacteria, as shown in table 7. The seeds are externally sterilized, dried for 24 hours, ground and later the average Colony Forming Unit (CFU) within the seed is quantified. Three biological replicates consisting in pools of three seeds each were used for the quantification of CFU/seed. In all cases, exposures of at least 5 minutes is enough to load thousands of bacterial cells, with the exception of the vegetative cell of strain S3C23. The maximum load is achieved over 20 minutes in all cell types.

TABLE 7 Example of loading yields vs time of Microprime ™ seed treatment process. Average of Strain Type of cell Time (min) CFU/seed S3C10 Vegetative 5 8.20E+03 10 6.04E+03 20 2.49E+04 240 2.18E+05 960 5.00E+04 S3C23 Endospore 20 4.10E+03 60 3.02E+03 120 2.82E+04 240 1.09E+05 S3C23 Vegetative 5 2.00E+01 10 4.45E+03 20 5.80E+04

Example 2. Visualization of Microprime™ Seed Treatment Through Fluorescent Bacteria

For assessing the spatial distribution of loaded bacteria inside the seed, an Escherichia coli fluorescent reporter strain was used. Maize seeds (Dekalb DK630) were treated with Microprime™ using a E. coli expressing constitutively a Red Fluorescent Protein. The colony-forming units per seed was 1.99E+5 and the Microprime™ treatment conditions were 240 min (4 h.) at 37° C. Seeds were fixed and cut in 0.5 cm long sections. The samples were then analyzed under a confocal microscope with a wavelength of 558 nm. Bacteria loading and localization was confirmed visually (pink filaments, FIG. 4A). A closer observation shows that bacteria is placed specifically in the interspace between the seed pericarp and the seed aleurone cells layer, which separates the endosperm and embryo from outer layers (FIG. 4B).

These results indicate that a Microprime™ seed treatment can effectively load bacteria inside the seed, and for the case of monocots seeds, in the interspace between the seed pericarp and the seed aleurone cells layer.

Example 3. Specific Bacteria Seed Loading Efficiency by Microprime™ Seed Treatment Process

The Microprime™ seed treatment process involves the imbibition of seeds into a well-defined liquid solution containing the specific bacteria for a period of time sufficient to allow the loading of the bacteria into the seed. It is necessary to know the efficiency of this process, that means which is the percentage of seeds that are capable of being loaded with bacteria. To identify this value, we design specific DNA primers that allow us to detect the bacteria at a molecular level by using PCR technique as shown in FIG. 6. Maize seeds (Dekalb DK630) with Microprime™ seed treatment using a bacterial isolate, Ensifer adhaerens, internally denominated strain S3C10, were germinated in vitro using culture tubes with 3 ml of Murashige and Skoog liquid medium. After the plant root emerges from the seed (3 to 5 days after sowing), a quick DNA extraction procedure was performed from liquid medium and a PCR reaction was carried out using the specific primers as is shown in the FIG. 6. Priming seeds (seeds treated under same conditions and formulation but excluding bacteria) were used as a control. The Colony Forming Units per seed was 6.53E+4 and the Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 20 minutes at 23° C.

Table 8 shows the percentage of seeds where is possible detect by PCR the loaded bacteria. The efficiency of loading seeds by Microprime™ seed treatment is about 98%.

TABLE 8 Total N° of N° of seeds with Efficiency Treatment seeds sampled PCR positive (%) Priming 30 0 0 Microprime ™ 90 88 98

Example 4. Colonization of Plant Root by Bacteria Loaded into the Seed by Microprime™ Seed Treatment

Maize seeds (Dekalb DK630) treated with Microprime™ and the bacterial isolate, Ensifer adhaerens (S3C10) were grown in a double-tube growth chamber using agar as a substrate, as is shown in FIG. 7, according to methods described in Niu et al., 2018. This protocol has been developed to set up a gnotobiotic system for cultivating maize seedlings colonized by the root-associated simplified communities. Untreated seeds (non-treated and non-inoculated seeds), Priming seeds (treated and non-inoculated seeds) and Microprime™ seeds (treated and inoculated) were directly germinated in double-tube chambers under the following conditions: 16 hours of light (day) and 8 hours of dark (night), 25° C. and a relative humidity of 54%. The maize seedlings were kept under the above conditions for 15 days. After this time, a 1-cm-long primary root fragment below maize kernel was harvest from the germinated seed by cutting the primary root with a sterile scalpel blade. Then the root fragment was weight in a balance, rinsed in sterile 1×PBS buffer and ground by sterile pistils. The mixed bacterial suspension was serially diluted and plated in LB agar. The quantification of colony-forming units (CFU) per gram of roots is shown in FIG. 8 for each treatment (n=15). Under these experimental conditions, CFU is not detectable in roots of untreated and priming seedlings. Instead, a mean of 7.00E+7 CFU/gram of root is detected in seedlings of Microprime™ seed, indicating that bacteria loaded into the seed is capable to effectively colonize the plant root structure after germination.

Example 5. Temporal Stability of Bacteria Loaded into the Seeds by Microprime™ Seed Treatment

In order for a bacteria seed treatment technology to be compatible with traditional seed industry logistics and be of value to farmers, it will require that the bacteria stability, understood as the viability of the bacteria inside the seed can be guaranteed for months (typical seed industry logistics involve the storage of seeds for months or even years until it's sowed/planted by the farmer). To evaluate bacterial stability after a Microprime™ seed treatment, lettuce and maize seeds were treated under a Microprime™ seed treatment process with a bacterial consortium named internally Lascar and with endospores of a bacterial isolate, Bacillus subtilis, internally denominated strain S3C23, respectively. Specific bacteria Colony Forming Unit (CFU) was assessed through time of stored Microprime™ treated seeds. In both cases, triplicate pools of seeds were ground at different times upon treatment and CFU per seed was recorded. The colony-forming units per seed in MP-S3C23 seeds was 7.10E+3 and the Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 20 minutes at 23° C. The FIG. 9 shows the survival of the bacterial consortium Lascar in Microprime™ lettuce seeds at short-times (less than 50 days) and long-time (over 100 days).

In addition, FIG. 10 shows the survival of endospores of strain S3C23 inside maize seed in a period of time between 1 and 12 months after Microprime™ seed treatment.

Both results demonstrate a-seed bacteria shelf-life compatible with the requirements of traditional seed industry and agricultural practices.

Example 6. Temporal Stability of the Plant Embryo in Microprime™ Treated Seeds

Osmotic or water-based seed treatments considerably affect the embryo viability and germination through time, and through time also decreases the seed vigor, which determines the potential of a rapid and uniform emergence of plants. To show how Microprime™ seed treatment doesn't negatively affect the germination rate and seed vigor, tomato, lettuce and maize seeds were analyzed in different times. Table 9 shows the effect in vigor of the Microprime™ seed treatment and the conventional seed priming treatment (also known as osmopriming) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) embryo (Tomato Ferry-Morse cv. Roma VF). The percentage of emergence of 36 plants per treatment was measured seven days after sowing in peat:perlite (used as soil substrate). The growth conditions were 25° C., 54% humidity and a 16 h/8 h (light/dark hours). The Microprime™ seed treatment was performed with a bacterial isolate, Pantoea allii, internally denominated strain P9C1 and two different imbibition media solutions (sol. 1 and sol. 2). Sol. 1 had only the bacterium and sol. 2 had the bacterium and its exudates. The Colony Forming Units per seed in MP-P9C1 soli seeds was 2.00E+5 and for MP-P9C1_sol.2 was 5.00E+5. The Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 240 minutes (4 hours) at 30° C. Control seeds did not have any treatment. Priming seeds were treated with the same two imbibition media sol. 1 and sol. 2 but without bacterium (basically an osmopriming seed treatment).

As is well-known, after a priming process where the seeds are imbibed into a liquid solution (osmotically or not), the vigor of the plant embryo will be negatively affected through time. With the Microprime™ seed treatment the vigor of plant embryo remains similar to an untreated seed, as is shown in the following table (Table 9).

TABLE 9 Treatment % of seedling emergence Untreated 83.3 Priming_Sol. 1 66.7 MP-P9C1_Sol. 1 88.9 Priming_Sol. 2 63.9 MP-P9C1_Sol. 2 86.1

FIG. 11 shows the germination rate of maize (Zea mays) seeds with a Microprime™ seed treatment (Microprime™ seeds) using two bacterial isolates, Serratia marcescens and Glutamicibacter halophytocola, internally denominated S8C6 and S8C7, respectively. The germination rate of 21 maize seeds (non-GMO DK630 from Dekalb) was measured through several storage times including 0, 33, 51 and 98 days after Microprime™ seed treatment. Control seeds did not have any treatment. Priming seeds were treated with the same imbibition media as Microprime™ seeds but without bacteria (basically an osmopriming seed treatment). The results indicate that seeds treated with Microprime™ show the same germination rate than control/untreated seeds and both are significantly higher than primed seeds (FIG. 11).

In addition, the germination rate of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds with a Microprime™ seed treatment containing a synthetic consortium of bacteria, internally denominated JIT, was evaluated. The JIT consortium consist of bacterium 4 (Chryseobacterium lactis), bacterium 5 (Bacillus endophyticus), and bacterium 6 (Bacillus megaterium).

The germination rate of lettuce seeds after 240 days from seed treatments is shown on the following table (Table 10).

TABLE 10 Treatment Germination rate (%) Untreated 93.3 Priming 86.7 Microprime ™ -JIT (MP-JIT) 97.8 Number of seeds per treatment = 30

These results indicate that Microprime™ seed treatment do not affect the germination rate and seed vigor during the normal aging of tomato, lettuce and maize seeds being compatible with a commercial product.

To validate if Microprime™ treatment will affect the seed vigor in long-term storage time, an accelerated aging (AA) test was performed in Microprime™ (MP) maize seeds (Dekalb DK630). The AA test provides valuable information on storage and seedling field emergence potentials. Twenty corn seeds of each lot or treatment were subjected to 43° C. for 72 h. and approximately 95% of relative humidity. After AA treatment, seeds were sown in peat:perlite soil and incubated in a greenhouse with a temperature of 25° C., humidity 54% and photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark. Seven days after sowing the emergence of the hypocotyl, and the number of normal, abnormal and dead seedlings were measured. Control seeds did not have any treatment. Priming seeds were treated with a Microprime™ solution without bacteria (basically seed osmopriming treatment), MP-S3C10+S3C23 seeds were treated with a Microprime™ solution containing the synthetic consortium comprising the two bacterial isolates, Ensifer adhaerens (S3C10) and Bacillus subtilis (S3C23) and MP-S8C7 seeds were treated with a Microprime™ solution including the bacterial isolate Glutamicibacter halophytocola, internally denominated strain S8C7. The Colony Forming Units (CFU) per seed of strain S3C10 was 2.20E+3, 5.00E+1 for strain S3C23 and 1.98E+4 for strain S8C7. The Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 10 minutes at 30° C.

The results of AA test are shown in the following table (Table 11).

TABLE 11 Normal AA Treatment seedlings Germination (%) Vigor Untreated 19 95 High Priming 1 5 Low MP-S8C7 20 100 High MP-S3C10+S3C23 19 95 High *Standard scale of AA germination: ≥ 80% = high vigor; 60-80% = medium vigor; ≤ 60% = low vigor.

The results illustrated in FIG. 11, together with table 9, table 10 and table 11 indicates that Microprime™ seed treatment doesn't affect the germination rate, embryo viability and seed vigor through time, making it highly compatible with a commercial product (Microprime™ seeds).

Example 7. Microprime™ Seed Treatment Effect in Lettuce Growth and Development

One of the main goals of introducing microorganism inside the seed is to achieve an efficient bacterial delivery method that improvement a desired agricultural trait such as growth enhancement and field performance. In order to evaluate the effect in plants, the growth and development of lettuce plants growing from Microprime™ seeds were tested. In FIG. 12 is shown the effect of a proprietary composition of bacteria, internally denominated Lascar in lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa). The Lascar consortium consists of bacterium 1 (Acetobacter cereviseae), bacterium 4 (Chryseobacterium lactis), bacterium 5 (Bacillus endophyticus), and bacterium 6 (Bacillus megaterium). The rosette fresh weight of lettuce (Seminis brand cv. Mohawk) was measured 67 days after sowing in plants growing from Microprime™ seeds (MP-Lascar), plants growing from seeds inoculated with Lascar as a liquid form (Lascar), plants growing from seeds treated with the imbibition solution without bacteria (Priming) and plants growing from seeds without any treatment (Untreated). The treatment named Lascar is a positive control corresponding to a synthetic consortium which is applied externally to the seeds prior to sowing as is performed with typical microbial technology application. The treatment named Priming is a negative control treatment which consists of the imbibition solution without the bacterial consortium. Bars are means±1 standard error of at least 15 plants per treatment. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, p-value <0.05; Dunnett's multiple comparisons test, p-value <0.05). The assay was performed in greenhouse, peat:perlite soil as substrate, in a growth period of 67 days. Growth temperature was 19° C., humidity 54% and the photoperiod was of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark.

This result indicated that a Microprime™ seed treatment with Lascar consortium increases the lettuce vegetative growth as much as a traditional inoculation by liquid form (FIG. 12). However, the advantages of this new delivery system (Microprime™ seeds) are several, ranging from commercial (scalability, long-term storage) to operational issues (a product easy to use by farmers, reduction of probability of contamination) and thus lowering the technological risk of using beneficial microorganisms in the field.

The storage effect on lettuce seeds treated with Microprime™ was evaluated using a proprietary composition of bacteria, internally denominated JIT. The JIT consortium consists of bacterium 4 (Chryseobacterium lactis), bacterium 5 (Bacillus endophyticus), and bacterium 6 (Bacillus megaterium). FIG. 13 shows the fresh weight of lettuce Harris Moran cv. Desert Storm 28 days after sowing seeds with 60 days of storage of the following treatments: MP-JIT (treated and inoculated), Priming (treated and non-inoculated) and Untreated. The treatment named Priming is a negative control seed with a treatment consisting in the imbibition of the same in a solution without the bacterial consortium. Bars are means±1 standard error of at least 15 plants per treatment. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences (Kruskal Wallis, p-value <0.05; Dunn's multiple comparisons test, p-value <0.05). The assay was performed in greenhouse, peat:perlite soil as substrate and a growth period of 28 days. Growth temperature was 19° C., humidity 54% and the photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark.

Certain beneficial bacterial treatments on plants may induce abiotic stress tolerance. To evaluate if Microprime™ seed treatment using JIT consortia induce tolerance to abiotic stress, lettuce plants (Harris Moran cv. Desert Storm) were grown 14 days on salt stress condition after which the whole plants fresh weight was measured (FIG. 14). An in-vitro assay was performed using square plates with Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 120/12 mM NaCl/CaCl₂ (salt stress) and control plates without salt (0/0 mM NaCl/CaCl₂). Plants were grown at 19° C., with 54% humidity and a photoperiod of 16 h/8 h (light/dark hours). Bars are means±1 standard error of at least 10 plants per treatment. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, p-value <0.05; Dunnett's multiple comparisons test, p-value <0.05).

These results show that the Microprime™ treatment with JIT consortium induces salinity tolerance in lettuce plants.

Example 8. Microprime™ Seed Treatment Effect on Tomato Plants Growth and Development

In order to evaluate the effect of Microprime™ seed treatment on tomato plants growth and development, seeds of Solanum lycopersicum (Ferry-Morse cv. Roma VF) were treated with a Microprime™ seed treatment including the bacterial isolate, Bacillus subtilis, internally denominated strain S3C23. The complete plant fresh weight of Control (untreated), Priming and MP-S3C23 tomato seedlings were measured 42 days after sowing as is shown in FIG. 15. The treatment named Priming is a negative control consisting of the imbibition of the seeds into a solution without the bacteria. Bars are means±1 standard error of at least 15 plants per treatment. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, p-value <0.05; Dunnett's multiple comparisons test, p-value <0.05). Colony forming-units (CFU) per ml of strain S3C23 in the imbibition medium was of 1.20E+9 CFU/ml. The CFU/seed after drying the seeds was 4.00E+3. The Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 240 minutes (4 hours) at 30° C. The assay was performed in a greenhouse, peat:perlite soil as substrate, in a growth period of 42 days. The growth temperature was 25° C., with 54% humidity and a photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark.

These results show that Microprime™ treatment using strain S3C23 significantly increase the fresh weight of tomato plants.

Example 9. Microprime™ Effect in Maize Growth and Development

In order to evaluate the effect of Microprime™ seed treatment in maize plant growth and development, seeds of Zea mays (non-GMO seed from Dekalb brand, DK630) were treated with a Microprime™ seed treatment including a bacterial isolate, Microbacterium chocolatum, internally denominated strain S3C1. FIG. 16 shows the fresh weight of the shoot and root of the plants measured 14 days after sowing in a semi solid substrate. The treatments include liquid inoculated seeds (S3C1) and Microprime™ treated seeds (MP-S3C1), Priming treated seeds (Priming) and in non-treated and non-inoculated seeds (Control). The treatment named S3C1 is a positive control corresponding to the external inoculation of seeds with the strain S3C1, as traditional microbial technology application is performed (liquid formulation, outside the seed). The treatment named Priming is a negative control consisting of the imbibition of seeds into a solution without the bacterial consortium. The Colony Forming Units (CFU) per seed of MP-S3C1 seeds was 1.90E+5 and the Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 960 minutes (16 hours) at 30° C. Bars are means±1 standard error of at least 15 plants per treatment. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences (Kruskal Wallis, p-value <0.05; Dunn's multiple comparisons test, p-value <0.05). The seed treatments were performed at 30° C., for 5 minutes, after which the seeds were dried until achieving a 11.2% moisture content. Colony Forming Units (CFU) per ml in the Microprime™ seed treatment was 7.79E+15. The CFU per seed after drying the seeds was 1.9E+5. The assay was performed in greenhouse and with a semi solid substrate. Data was obtained 14 days after sowing (14 DAS). Growth temperature was 25° C., humidity 54% and the photoperiod 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark. The shoot fresh weight of maize plants was increased by a 37.2% by effect of the seed treatment MP-S3C1 (FIG. 16A) and the root fresh weight of maize plants was increased by a 45.9% by effect of the seed treatment MP-S3C1 (FIG. 16B).

To evaluate the effect of multiple bacteria, a synthetic consortium comprising two bacterial isolates, Ensifer adhaerens (S3C10) and Bacillus subtilis (S3C23) was tested (FIG. 17). A non-GMO seed from Dekalb, DK630, was used. The Colony Forming Units (CFU) per ml in the Microprime™ seed treatment solution was 4.52E+10 for strain S3C10 and 3.76E+08 for strain S3C23. The seed treatment was performed at a temperature of 30° C., for 10 minutes, after which the seeds were dried until achieving a 11.4% moisture content. The CFU per seed after loading these two strains simultaneously were 2.20E+03 CFU/seed for strain S3C10 and 5.00E+01 CFU/seed for strain S3C23. The plant growth assay was performed in a greenhouse, semi solid substrate during a growth period of 14 days after sowing (14 DAS). Growth temperature was 25° C., humidity 54% and the photoperiod 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark. Bars are means±1 standard error of at least 30 plants per treatment. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences (Mann Whitney test, p-value <0.05). The shoot weight increased 21.0% (FIG. 17A) and the root weight increased 29.3% by effect of the seed treatment MP-S3C10+S3C23 (FIG. 17B). In addition, the shoot length increased 13.6% by effect of the same consortium (FIG. 17C), indicating that the Microprime™ treatment with lower bacteria concentration in comparison to the ones applied as a liquid form is effective in enhancing the growth of maize seedlings.

Example 10. Microprime™ Effect in Maize Growth Under Nitrogen Deficiency

Promote biological nitrogen fixation in crops has always been desirable due as large amounts of chemical fertilizers used in the agriculture. The ability of using a Microprime™ seed treatment to incorporate diazotrophic bacteria inside the seed and allow the plant to growth in nitrogen deficiency condition was evaluated. Initially, the Acetylene Reduction Assay (ARA) was used to measure nitrogenase activity of pure culture of bacterial isolates. Different isolates were grown in an airtight flask and the reduction of acetylene to ethylene was measure. In this screening, the isolate internally named S3C14 (Bacillus cucumis) was identified as a diazotrophic bacterium (FIG. 18). A non-GMO seed from Dekalb (DK630) was used for a Microprime™ seed treatment with endospores of strain S3C14 (MP-S3C14e). The Colony Forming Units per seed was 1.62E+3 and the Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 20 min at 23° C. After the seeds were dried up until achieving a 11.6% moisture. A group of Control untreated seeds (untreated) and MP-S3C14e were grown under a regime of 100% and 60% synthetic nitrogen. After 60 days, shoot, root and the total fresh weight of plants were measured, as is shown in FIG. 19. Bars are means±1 standard error of at least 12 plants per treatment. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences (Mann Whitney test, p-value <0.05). The assay was performed in a greenhouse, with peat:perlite soil as substrate. Growth temperature was 25° C., humidity 54% and the photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark.

The results indicate that plants of Microprime™ treated seeds increase significantly the whole plant fresh weight when grown under nitrogen deficiency, increasing both, the shoot and root weight (FIG. 19).

Example 11. Microprime™ Seed Treatment Effect on Maize Growth Under Drought Stress

Drought is one of the most harmful forms of abiotic stress for plants and seriously limits the productivity of agricultural crops. Corn is considered a sensitive plant to drought stress. To evaluate if Microprime™ seed treatment with selected bacteria is capable to modulate the plant gene expression and induce an abiotic stress tolerance, a gene expression profile and an in-vivo assay with Microprime™ seeds/plants were performed. The relative expression of the marker genes bZIP60, bZIP4, ARF3 and APX1 was quantified by qRT-PCR in DK630 seeds (Dekalb) four months after Microprime™ treatment with the isolated strain S3C1 (Microbacterium chocolatum) and S3C10 (Ensifer adhaerens) independently (FIG. 20). The Colony Forming Units (CFU) per seed in MP-S3C10 seeds was 5.00E+4 and 1.90E+5 for MP-S3C1 seeds. The Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 960 minutes (16 hours) at 30° C. Untreated seeds were used as a control. As housekeeping genes for an endogenous control, UBCE and UBCP were used, corresponding to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and the ubiquitin carrier protein respectively (Manoli et al., 2012). These genes were used for data normalization of the cycle threshold (Ct) of qRT-PCR amplifications. Bars are means±standard error of three to five biological replicates per treatment, each replicate consisted of a pool of three corn seeds and two technical replicates. The transcription factor bZIP60 is important in conditioning the response to heat stress. The transcription factor bZIP4 is a positive regulator of plant abiotic stress responses and is involved in root development in maize. Its expression is induced by high salinity, drought, heat and cold and its overexpression resulted in an increased number of lateral roots, longer primary roots and an improved root system. ARF3 is an Auxin-related gene, which in combination with bZIP4 enhance root development. APX1 gene (Ascorbate peroxidase 1) is an oxidative stress gene mainly inducible by heat-stress conditions. Its product is a H2O2-scavenging enzyme.

Overall these results shown molecular priming at the early stage of the plant embryo improving plants ability to respond stronger and faster to an eventual scenario of abiotic stress and, on the other hand, enhances root development and in consequence, its entire performance on field conditions.

To evaluate this assumption, an abiotic stress assay (drought) was performed with maize seeds from the same batch. MP-S3C1, MP-S3C10 and Control seeds were sown in peat:perlite soil as substrate and grown at 25° C., humidity 54% and a photoperiod of 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark in a greenhouse for 60 days. Seven days after sowing, the group of plants designated for the water restriction was watered for three weeks with 50% of the optimal irrigation regime. After this time, plants underwent a higher water stress treatment by cessation of irrigation for 30 days. Once the 60 days trial was over, MP-S3C1 plants growing under drought conditions showed an increase in root fresh weight and shoot length compared to control plants in the same stress condition, indicating that the molecular priming (likely Induced Systemic Tolerance, or IST) performed at an embryo level mediated by the Microprime™ seed treatment technology, was effectively translated into plants (FIG. 21).

Example 12: Microprime™ Seed Treatment Effect in Maize Growth in Field

In order to evaluate the efficacy of Microprime™ seed treatment on maize (Zea mays) growth and yield, a field trial was conducted. The Microprime™ seed treatment was performed using two bacterial isolates, Microbacterium chocolatum, internally named S3C1, and Ensifer adhaerens, internally named S3C10. The non-GMO DK630 seed from Dekalb was used in this experiment and control plants correspond to non-treated and non-inoculated seeds. The Colony Forming Units per seed in MP-S3C10 seeds was 5.00E+4 CFU/seed and in MP-S3C1 1.90E+5 CFU/seed. The Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 960 minutes (16 hours) at 30° C.

The effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment on whole plant fresh weight and shoot dry weight of maize plants at V12 development stage grown under field conditions was recorded and showed in FIG. 22A and FIG. 22B. The whole plant fresh weight of maize plants was increased by a 35.9% by effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment with strain S3C10 (FIG. 22B) and the shoot dry weight was increased by a 34.9% by effect of the same Microprime™ seed treatment (FIG. 22A). Bars are means±1 standard error of at least 15 plants per treatment. Asterisks represent statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, p-value <0.05; Dunnett's multiple comparisons test, p-value <0.05).

FIG. 23A and FIG. 23B show the effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment on maize life cycle under field conditions. The Microprime™ seed treatment accelerates the growth rate of corn plants evidencing a more advanced vegetative stage (Table 12) and therefore reproductive stage in comparison to control plants. FIG. 23B shows that ears of control plants are in R5 reproductive stage while ears of Microprime™ seed plants (MP-S3C1 and MP-S3C10) are in R6 reproductive stage, the final development stage in maize plants.

FIG. 24 shows the effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment on corn yield under field conditions. Yield corresponds to bushels per acre of dry kernels (with a 15.5% moisture content).

Corn yield was increased by a 27.6% (46.5 bu/acre) by effect of the seed treatment MP-S3C1 and by 5.9% (9.9 bu/acre) by effect of the seed treatment MP-S3C10.

Also, the total protein content of the grains increased (20%) by effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment with strain S3C10 (FIG. 25).

This important result demonstrated that with a single and unique inoculation of certain beneficial bacteria inside de seed by a Microprime™ seed treatment process, is possible to improve plants traits and yield performance under field conditions.

TABLE 12 Treatment Avg. of leaves number Stage of development Control 11.78 V11-V12 MP-S3C1 12.61 V12-V13 MP-S3C10 13.33 V13

Example 13: Microprime™ Seed Treatment Effect in Maize Growth Under Nitrogen Deficiency in Field

In order to evaluate the efficacy of Microprime™ seed treatment on maize growth and yield under nitrogen deficiency, a field trial was conducted. Initially, the Acetylene Reduction Assay (ARA) was used to measure nitrogenase activity of pure culture of bacterial isolates. In this new screening, the bacterial isolate Bacillus subtilis, internally denominated strain S3C23 was identified as a diazotrophic bacterium. Due to this finding a new ARA assay was performed to determine if strain S3C23 has the ability to fix nitrogen in presence of an external nitrogen source, e.g. glutamine. For this assay, strain S3C23 was grown in an airtight flask with a medium supplemented or not with glutamine 5 mM for five days. Then acetylene was injected and after two days the reduction of acetylene to ethylene was measure. As is shown in FIG. 26, strain S3C23 continues to fix nitrogen even in the presence of glutamine. Due this result, strain S3C23 was selected for a corn field trial with nitrogen restriction.

FIG. 27 shows the effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment on maize yield under nitrogen restriction. The GMO seed DKC47-27RIB from Dekalb™, was used. 100% nitrogen (100% N) corresponds to 150 lbs/acre of synthetic nitrogen and 60% nitrogen (60% N) corresponds to 90 lbs/acre of synthetic nitrogen. Yield corresponds to bushels per acre of dry kernels (15.5% moisture content). The Microprime™ seed treatment was performed using the bacterial isolate Bacillus subtilis, internally denominated strain S3C23. Control plants correspond to non-treated and non-inoculated seeds. The Colony Forming Units (CFU) per seed in MP-S3C23 seeds was 4.98E+3 CFU/seed and the Microprime™ seed treatment conditions were 20 minutes at 30° C.

Under 40% of nitrogen restriction corn yield was increased by a 10.3% (18.8 bu/acre) compared to plants grown in 100% nitrogen by effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment MP-S3C23. On the other hand, under normal growing conditions with 100% nitrogen, corn yield increased by 6.9% (12.5 bu/acre) by effect of the Microprime™ seed treatment MP-S3C23.

The win rate of the corn field trials performed was 75% (FIG. 28).

Microprime™ seed treatment is a stable microbial and embryo seed treatment methodology by which is incorporated a plant-beneficial bacterium and/or a synthetic consortium of microorganisms and/or its exudates and/or its individualized biomolecules inside of seeds through an industrially scalable process. This seed treatment process is compatible with the traditional distribution chain for agricultural inputs.

Given the results obtained with Microprime™ seeds in the field trials, an economic model for Andes Microprime™ corn seeds was made based on an economic model from the Iowa State University which includes all involved costs for corn production after a soybean growth season (https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/crops/html/al-20.html). The assumptions to build our economic model were the following:

-   -   1. Microprime™ corn seeds have the same price to farmers as a         regular corn seed (without Microprime™ treatment).     -   2. The liquid formulation corresponds to the same bacterium or         bacterial consortium used for the Microprime™ seeds.     -   3. The liquid formulation has an additional cost for the farmer         of $20.00 per acre.

The economic model of Andes Microprime™ corn seeds is summarized in the following table (Table 13).

TABLE 13 Andes Microprime ™ extra yield 9 bu/acre (typical observed scenario): Andes synthetic nitrogen 40% total reduction rate: Expected yield: 191.1 bu/acre Farm size: 500 acres Microprime  ™ Liquid formulation Andes Total Net Return $ 76,330 $ 66,330 Typical Total Net Return $ 49,637 $ 49,637 Total extra benefit $ 26,693 $ 16,693 Andes Net Return per acre $ 152.66 $ 132.66 Typical Net Return per acre $ 99.27 $ 99.27 Extra benefit per acre $ 53.39 33.39

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. It is not intended that the invention be limited by the specific examples provided within the specification. While the invention has been described with reference to the aforementioned specification, the descriptions and illustrations of the embodiments herein are not meant to be construed in a limiting sense. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. Furthermore, it shall be understood that all aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific depictions, configurations or relative proportions set forth herein which depend upon a variety of conditions and variables. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is therefore contemplated that the invention shall also cover any such alternatives, modifications, variations or equivalents. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the invention and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents be covered thereby.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A modified plant seed comprising at least 1 CFU of bacteria incorporated between a seed coat and an embryo of said modified plant seed.
 2. The modified plant seed of claim 1, wherein said modified plant seed comprises at least 500 CFU or at least 1000 CFU of said bacteria.
 3. The modified plant seed of claim 1, wherein said bacteria comprises endospore forming bacteria or endospores thereof.
 4. The modified plant seed of claim 1, wherein said modified plant seed comprises a microbial exudate.
 5. The modified plant seed of claim 4, wherein said microbial exudate is derived from said bacteria.
 6. The modified plant seed of claim 4, wherein said microbial exudate is not derived from said bacteria.
 7. The modified plant seed of claim 1, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from the phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, or a combination thereof.
 8. The modified plant seed of claim 7, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Acetonema sp., Actinomyces sp., Alkalibacillus sp., Ammoniphilus sp., Amphibacillus sp., Anaerobacter sp., Anaerospora sp., Aneurinibacillus sp., Anoxybacillus sp., Bacillus sp., Brevibacillus sp., Caldanaerobacter sp., Caloramator sp., Caminicella sp., Cerasibacillus sp., Clostridium sp., Clostridiisalibacter sp., Cohnella sp., Coxiella sp. Dendrosporobacter sp., Desulfotomaculum sp., Desulfosporomusa sp., Desulfosporosinus sp., Desulfovirgula sp., Desulfunispora sp., Desulfunispora sp., Filifactor sp., Filobacillus sp., Gelria sp., Geobacillus sp., Geosporobacter sp., Gracilibacillus sp., Halobacillus sp., Halonatronum sp., Heliobacterium sp., Heliophilum sp., Laceyella sp., Lentibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., Mahela sp., Metabacterium sp., Moorella sp., Natroniella sp., Oceanobacillus sp., Orenia sp., Ornithinibacillus sp., Oxalophagus sp., Oxobacter sp., Paenibacillus sp., Paraliobacillus sp., Pelospora sp., Pelotomaculum sp., Piscibacillus sp., Planifilum sp., Pontibacillus sp., Propionispora sp., Salinibacillus sp., Salsuginibacillus sp., Seinonella sp., Shimazuella sp., Sporacetigenium sp., Sporoanaerobacter sp., Sporobacter sp., Sporobacterium sp., Sporohalobacter sp., Sporolactobacillus sp., Sporomusa sp., Sporosarcina sp., Sporotalea sp., Sporotomaculum sp., Syntrophomonas sp., Syntrophospora sp., Tenuibacillus sp., Tepidibacter sp., Terribacillus sp., Thalassobacillus sp., Thermoacetogenium sp., Thermoactinomyces sp., Thermoalkalibacillus sp., Thermoanaerobacter sp., Thermoanaeromonas sp., Thermobacillus sp., Thermoflavimicrobium sp., Thermovenabulum sp., Tuberibacillus sp., Virgibacillus sp., Vulcanobacillus sp., or a combination thereof.
 9. The modified plant seed of claim 8, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Bacillus sp.
 10. The modified plant seed of claim 8, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Paenibacillus sp.
 11. The modified plant seed of claim 7, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from, Actinomyces sp., Acetobacter sp., Herbaspirillum sp., Pseudomonas sp., Paraburkholderia sp., Serratia sp., Pantoea sp., Ensifer sp., Enterobacter sp., or any combination thereof.
 12. The modified plant seed of claim 11, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Ensifer sp.
 13. The modified plant seed of claim 7, wherein said bacteria comprise bacteria from Coxiella sp.
 14. The modified plant seed of claim 1, wherein said modified seed is a maize seed, wheat seed, rice seed, sorghum seed, barley seed, rye seed, sugar cane seed, millet seed, oat seed, soybean seed, cotton seed, alfalfa seed, bean seed, quinoa seed, lentil seed, peanut seed, lettuce seed, tomato seed, pea seed, or cabbage seed.
 15. The modified plant seed of claim 1, wherein said plant seed comprises at least 1000 CFU of said microbe.
 16. The modified plant seed of claim 1, wherein said seed coat is the seed pericarp.
 17. The modified plant seed of claim 1, wherein said bacteria is incorporated between a seed coat and an aleurone cell layer. 